Summary

诱导小鼠快感缺失的不可预测慢性轻度应力协议

Published: October 24, 2018
doi:

Summary

本文介绍了小鼠不可预测的慢性轻度应力协议。该协议诱发长期抑郁样表型, 并能评估假定抗抑郁药在逆转行为和 neuromolecular 抑郁症状的缺陷的功效。

Abstract

抑郁症是一种非常普遍和衰弱的情况, 只有部分通过当前的对比解决。许多患者对治疗缺乏反应, 提示需要开发新的治疗替代品, 并更好地了解紊乱的病因。具有转化优点的临床前模型对于这项任务是基本的。在这里, 我们提出了在小鼠不可预测的慢性轻度应激 (UCMS) 方法的协议。在本议定书中, 青春期小鼠长期暴露于互换不可预知的轻度压力源。类似于人的抑郁症的发病机制, 在小鼠青春期的敏感期内的压力暴露在成年时煽动一种抑郁症状的表型。UCMS 可用于抗抑郁剂的各种抑郁症状的行为和 neuromolecular 指数的筛查。在评估啮齿动物的抑郁症状行为的更突出的测试中, 蔗糖偏好测试 (SPT), 反映快感缺失 (抑郁症的核心症状)。本议定书还将介绍 SPT。UCMS 诱导快感缺失的能力, 引发长期行为缺陷, 并通过慢性 (但不是急性) 治疗与抗抑郁药, 使这些赤字的逆转加强了协议的有效性相比, 其他动物协议诱发抑郁症状的行为。

Introduction

主要抑郁障碍 (MDD) 是一种衰弱的情况, 已被表明为11的原因全球负担从疾病1, 与终身流行的 11–16%2,3。MDD 已与严重损害患者的社会和职业功能, 降低生活质量, 许多精神和身体紊乱和增加的死亡率风险4,5,6,7. 对 MDD 有几种有效的对比和心理干预措施;然而, 超过第三的患者没有达到缓解与现有治疗选项8,9,10,11。因此, 更好地绘制 MDD 的病理生理学和新药的开发仍然是至关重要的。为了解决这些任务科学验证动物模型需要使用。

不可预测的慢性轻度应激 (UCMS) 是一种著名的啮齿类动物范式, 用于诱发抑郁和焦虑的行为12131415。UCMS 的主要目的是在小鼠和大鼠身上产生行为缺陷 (如快感缺失和行为绝望12,15), 并促进潜在治疗药理剂的筛查。该程序是第一次引入的16和随后开发的威尔纳17,18, 产生巨大的行为和神经生物学结果追忆抑郁症症状12。它最初是为老鼠设计的, 后来被安置到老鼠13,19。在这个过程中, 青春期动物长期暴露在不同的不可预测的轻度压力源。随后, 对药理剂进行管理。在治疗终止时获得行为和生物指数。在 UCMS 之后进行的比较突出的测试之一是蔗糖偏好测试 (SPT)。SPT 是基于啮齿类动物天生偏爱的甜溶液而不是水, 被广泛认可为评估快感缺失121820的基本转化模型, 21 (这是人类抑郁症22,23) 的核心症状。

在进入第四十年以来, UCMS 在无数研究中被应用于老鼠和老鼠身上。大多数这些研究采用 UCMS 作为一种方法, 以诱发抑郁症状的行为12,13,21,24。研究还使用了模型来生成 anxiogenic 效果2526272829。蔗糖和糖精首选项是用于评估快感缺失以下 UCMS121830313233的主要测试。UCMS 文献中高度纳入的其他显著成果措施有: 尾悬架试验 (TST)283435、强制游泳试验 ()2834,36,37 (测量压力应对/行为绝望), 野外测试 (经常测量探索行为, 焦虑样行为和运动活动)25,28,38, 升高加上迷宫 (EPM; 测量焦虑样行为)253940和其他测试, 测量抑郁症状行为、焦虑样行为、认知功能和社会行为12.三环抗抑郁药的慢性施用 (TCAs; 丙咪嗪35,41,42,43, 地昔帕明18,44,45), 四环抗抑郁药 (TeCAs; 马普替林46,47, 米安色林48), 选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs; 氟西汀46,47,49, 依他普仑30,50, 帕罗西汀51,52), 褪黑激素43,49, 阿戈美拉汀53, 脂肪酸酰胺水解酶 (FAAH) 抑制剂URB59754和几种天然化合物30375055565758已表现为逆转 UCMS 引起的抑郁和焦虑样症状。总的来说, 这些治疗效果尚未获得通过急性治疗12 (例如, 帕罗西汀51,52, 丙咪嗪53,54,59 ,60, 氟西汀53, 阿戈美拉汀53, URB59754, brofaromine60)。

儿童期和青春期的压力暴露是在成年616263期间的前形成 MDD (其中几个其他精神疾病) 的一个主要危险因素。下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺 (HPA) 轴是一个主要的神经内分泌系统, 调节对压力64的生物行为反应。童年和青春期敏感神经发育期间的长期压力会损害 HPA 轴的平衡。它可能引发一种增强的交感神经活化、不平衡反应性和 hypercortisolemia 通过静止状态持续的状态;因此, 使个人易受抑郁症或焦虑相关的探讨65,66,67,68。UCMS 充分地转化了这种发病机制: 在小鼠青春期时的压力应用诱发了长期的抑郁症状易感性。此外, UCMS 引起的行为缺陷, 亦即在 HPA 轴功能的显著改变 (例如, 通过导致海马脑源性神经营养因子的减少 [BDNF; 蛋白质高度参与平衡HPA 轴69,70]30, 或通过损害皮质酮分泌到血液71,72), 在相似的病理生理学在人类12, 50,73

UCMS 有几个增强功能作为抑郁症的模型:例如(i) 快感缺失的启发 (这被认为是 endophenotype 的 MDD23,74);(ii) UCMS 能够评估各种抑郁症状行为, 如行为绝望、减少的社会行为、毛皮状态恶化等34;和 (iii) 慢性 (2-4 周), 但不是急性, 抗抑郁药后压力暴露可能产生一个长期的治疗效果平行于人类患者获得的效果相同的代理30,75 ,76,77

与其他抑郁症动物模型相比, 这些特征增强了 UCMS 的有效性。78和 TST79是两种模型, 用于诱导或评估抑郁症状的行为。作为诱导抑郁症状行为的模型, 与 UCMS 相比, 它们有明显的不足;它们不会引起长期的行为改变, 可能只是反映对急性压力的调整, 而不是产生持久的抑郁症状表现76

抑郁症的另类动物模型是社会失败模型。与 UCMS 和尖沙咀不同的是, 这种模式 (如: 厌恶) 需要应用慢性应激 (id est [], 动物的经常性服从与占主导地位的对应的社会邂逅)76,77,80,81,82. 社会失败模式的主要优点是, 它将社会刺激作为压力源, 从而反映社会心理压力在人类抑郁症发病机制中的作用。与 UCMS 类似, 社会失败模型引起长期的抑郁样行为和神经内分泌改变。然而, 再次平行于 UCMS, 社会失败导致的赤字可以通过慢性, 但不是尖锐的抗抑郁药逆转。总的来说, 有大量支持 UCMS 和社会失败作为临床前仪器的研究抑郁症病理生理学76,77,81,82.然而, 社会失败模式的一个主要缺陷是, 它只能应用于雄性啮齿动物, 因为雌性没有表现出足够的侵略性行为对彼此83。相比之下, UCMS 已被证明产生几个抑郁症状的影响, 男性和女性的老鼠34

可预测的慢性轻度应激 (PCMS) 是另一种啮齿类动物模型, 它强制实施每日反复接触约束应力2884858687的方案。一些研究表明, PCMS 增加了焦虑样行为28,87;虽然, 有矛盾的报告对 PCMS 的能力诱导长期抑郁症状的行为。与 UCMS 不同的是, PCMS 产生了不太满意的结果, 这是因为它能够诱导类似无休止状态288486。这与人类现象学是一致的, 在这种现象中, 不可预知的压力比可预测的88更有害。

Protocol

这里描述的所有方法都已通过学院动物护理和 Yaffo 的学术院校的使用委员会批准。 1. 动物 使用青春期前 (即3 周大) 癌症研究研究所 (ICR) 炎症雄性小鼠。 随机化小鼠到两个同样大小的应力组 (UCMS vs. 天真)。每治疗组使用15只小鼠 (例如: 如果有3药理治疗组整体使用90只小鼠; 2 [UCMS vs. 天真] x 3 [治疗] x 15 [小鼠] = 90) 根据应力组的小鼠;也就是?…

Representative Results

为了证实 UCMS 程序对诱发抑郁症状缺陷的疗效, 进行了操作性检查。雄性 ICR 炎症小鼠随机分配到 UCMS 或天真条件 (4 周, 如协议2.2 所述)。随后, 该 SPT (6 天, 如《议定书》4所述) 被管理, 以评估在经历 UCMS 后老鼠是否有明显的享乐缺陷。不久后, 小鼠被牺牲, 海马被完全解剖出来的 BDNF (一个蛋白质高度牵连的病理生理学70,93) 通过酶…

Discussion

在 MDD 是一个普遍的高度衰弱的紊乱, 只有部分解决目前的治疗选择, 科学追求更好的治疗仍然是一个紧迫的问题。随着心理技术的创新, 对现有药物的大部分患者需要额外的对比。细致的抑郁症动物模型是这项工作的关键因素。这种模式有助于筛选创新抗抑郁药, 并扩大对疾病病因学的理解。UCMS 是一种较突出的啮齿动物模型的抑郁症。其 “身材” 展示了大量的出版物和引人注目的见解

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

作者想感谢加利布鲁尔在视频制作方面的帮助。这项研究得到了以色列科学、技术 & 空间部 (313552 号赠款)、以色列国家精神生物学研究所 (NIPI-208-16-17b) 和开放大学基金会的支持。

Materials

Heating lamp Ikea AA-19025-3
Heating pillow Sachs EF-188B
Mice restrainer
Portable electronic balance (*.** g)
Standard rubber stopper, size 5 Ancare #5.5R To avoid spillage during SPT
Straight open drinking tube (2.5") Ancare OT-100 To avoid spillage during SPT (insert drinking tube into rubber stopper)
2% sucrose solution
50ml conical centrifuge tube For the SPT
Pre-adolescent (approximately 20-days old) ICR outbred mice Envigo Hsd:ICR (CD-1)

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Burstein, O., Doron, R. The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (140), e58184, doi:10.3791/58184 (2018).

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