Summary

异种移植皮肤模型在体内操纵人类免疫反应

Published: June 29, 2022
doi:

Summary

本协议描述了如何将人体皮肤移植到非肥胖糖尿病(NOD)-scid白细胞介素-2γ链受体(NSG)小鼠上。报告中详细介绍了移植用人体皮肤的制备、移植用小鼠的准备、裂层人体皮肤的移植以及移植后的恢复程序。

Abstract

人类皮肤异种移植模型将人类供体皮肤移植到免疫缺陷小鼠宿主上,是皮肤免疫学转化研究的重要选择。小鼠和人体皮肤在解剖学和免疫细胞组成方面存在很大差异。因此,传统的小鼠模型在皮肤病学研究和药物发现方面存在局限性。然而,成功的异种移植在技术上具有挑战性,需要最佳的标本和小鼠移植部位准备,以确保移植物和宿主存活。本协议提供了一种将人类皮肤移植到小鼠身上的优化技术,并讨论了下游实验目标的必要考虑因素。本报告描述了人类供体皮肤样本的适当制备、手术装置的组装、小鼠和手术部位的准备、皮肤移植和术后监测。坚持这些方法允许在手术后维持异种移植物超过6周。由于工程控制、无菌技术以及术前和术后调理的发展,下面概述的技术可实现最大的移植效率。异种移植模型的适当性能导致长寿命的人类皮肤移植样品用于人体皮肤的实验表征和 体内化合物的临床前测试。

Introduction

小鼠模型经常被用来推断人类生物学和疾病,部分原因是它们的实验可重复性和遗传操作能力。然而,小鼠生理学并不能完全概括人体器官系统,特别是皮肤,因此在药物开发中用作临床前模型具有局限性1。小鼠和人类皮肤之间的解剖学差异包括上皮厚度和结构的差异,缺乏小鼠内分泌汗腺以及毛发循环的变化2。此外,免疫系统的先天臂和适应性臂在两个物种之间是不同的3。小鼠皮肤含有树突状表皮T细胞(DETCs)的独特免疫群体,具有更高的真皮γδ T细胞丰度,并且与人体组织相比,免疫细胞亚群定位不同4。因此,关于人类皮肤生物学和炎症的实验结果受益于人体组织的验证。虽然 外和类器官培养系统是研究人体组织的广泛使用的工具,但这些系统受到缺乏或不完全免疫重建以及与外周脉管系统缺乏联系的限制5。人源化异种移植皮肤移植模型旨在允许对 体内人体组织中的免疫和非免疫途径进行治疗或生物操作。

人体皮肤异种移植模型已被用于研究皮肤生理学和药理学,分析免疫排斥和反应,剖析人类皮肤癌机制,了解皮肤病和伤口愈合6。虽然适用于皮肤研究的多个领域,但异种移植模型的通量低于 体外 研究,并且缺乏小鼠模型中采用的遗传操作的便利性。该模型中的时间点可能从数周到数月不等,成功的移植需要适当的设施和设备来进行这些手术。然而,异种移植模型为实验提供了生物学和生理背景,而类器官培养系统(例如组织外植体)通常需要以特定的时间间隔复制无数的运动部件,例如外源性信号7。因此,该模型最适合用于进一步验证 在体外 和小鼠模型中观察到的发现,或者用于生物学上不可行的工作。适当使用异种移植模型为研究和操作 体内完整的人体组织提供了独特的机会。

异种移植皮肤移植模型的优化依赖于数十年的研究,以随着时间的推移保持移植物的完整性。这一过程的关键是利用非肥胖糖尿病(NOD)-scid白细胞介素-2γ链受体(NSG)小鼠,该小鼠缺乏B和T适应性免疫细胞,功能性NK细胞,并且在巨噬细胞和树突状细胞中存在缺陷8。这些NSG宿主的免疫缺陷性质允许移植人造血细胞,患者来源的癌症和皮肤8910。尽管存在这种免疫抑制宿主环境,但通过抗GR1给药对小鼠中性粒细胞免疫反应的额外抑制对于移植成功是必要的10。移植完整组织的主要障碍是感染、排斥和难以重建流向移植物的血流,有时会导致真皮和表皮完整性的丧失11。包括施用抗FR1和使用适当移植深度在内的技术可提高移植物存活率10。细致的优化使得对NSG小鼠进行人异种移植皮肤移植成为可能,效率和存活率从90%-100%不等。

Protocol

本研究已获得批准并按照UCSF IACUC(AN191105-01H)和IRB(13-11307)协议进行。作为常规选择性外科手术(如疝气修复)的一部分丢弃的皮肤样本用于本研究。皮肤样本要么被去识别化并被认证为非人类受试者研究,要么,如果下游分析需要临床识别信息,则根据IRB协议13-11307提供患者书面同意。没有使用其他纳入或排除标准。研究中雇用了8-10周龄的男女NSG小鼠。小鼠是从商业来源获得的(见 材?…

Representative Results

在超级屏障动物设施内对NSG小鼠进行了人类皮肤异种移植。成功是由移植后小鼠的移植和小鼠存活时间延长以及行为健康来定义的。手术后一周内存活率低最初被认为是实验成功的最大障碍,高达50%的小鼠需要安乐死。在手术期间和手术后立即改进无菌技术和更好地支持小鼠体温,将手术存活率持续提高到80%以上,通常达到90%-100%。虽然试验了在小鼠饮用水中添加抗生素,但并未确定改善结局,?…

Discussion

小鼠异种移植皮肤移植模型是在 体内 环境中机械解剖人类皮肤免疫反应的关键技术14。成功的皮肤异种移植依赖于小鼠和皮肤标本和小鼠的适当制备以及坚持无菌啮齿动物手术方法15。在低温下快速冷却和适当储存皮肤样本在培养基(如无菌盐水)中对于确保移植前持续的组织健康非常重要12。使用诸如皮节之类的仪器收集分离厚度的?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项工作部分由TRex Bio的赞助研究协议和NIH的资助(1R01AR075864-01A1)资助。JMM得到了癌症研究协会(拨款26005)的支持。我们承认Parnassus流式细胞术核心部分由NIH P30 DK063720,S10 1S10OD021822-01和S10 1S10OD018040-01支持。

Materials

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin Fisher SF100-20 Fixative for histology
3M Vetbond Tissue Adhesive 3M 1469SB surgical glue
Alexa 700 CD45 monoclonal antibody (Clone 30F11) Thermo Fischer 56-0451-82 Flow cytometry analysis: Surface protein staining
Anti-GR1 clone RB6-8C5 BioXcell BE0075 Anti-rejection
APC mouse anti-human CD25  (Clone 2A3) BD Biosciences 340939 Flow cytometry analysis: Surface protein staining
APC-eFluor 780 anti-human HLA-DR (Clone LN3) eBioscience 47-9956-42 Flow cytometry analysis: Surface protein staining
Autoclave pouches VWR  89140-800 For autoclaving tools and paper towels
Brilliant Violet 60 anti-human CD4 antibody (Clone OKT4 Biolegend 317438 Flow cytometry analysis: Surface protein staining
Brilliant Violet 65 anti-human CD8a antibody (Clone RPA-T8) Biolegend 301042 Flow cytometry analysis: Surface protein staining
Brilliant Violet 711 anti-human CD3 antibody (Clone OKT3) Biolegend 317328 Flow cytometry analysis: Surface protein staining
Buprenex 0.3 mg/mL Covetrus 059122 Analgesia
Carprofen 50 mg/mL Zoetis NADA # 141-199 Analgesia
Collagenase Type IV Worthington 4188 Skin digestion
D42 Dermatome blade Humeca 5.D42BL10 dermatome (1 blade per sample)
Dermatome D42 Humeca 4.D42 dermatome
Disposable Scalpel Bard-Parker 371610 skin preparation
Dissecting T-Pins; 1-1/2 inch, 1000/CS 1.5 Cole-Parmer UX-10915-03 To pin skin specimen for dermatome
Dissection scissors medicon 02.04.10 sample preparation and mouse dissection
DNAse Sigma-Aldrich DN25-1G Skin digestion
eBioscience Foxp3 / Transcription Factor Fixation/Permeabilization Concentrate and Diluent eBioscience 00-5521-00 Flow cytometry analysis: Cell Fixation and Permeabilization
eFluor-450 FOXP3 monoclonal antibody (Clone PCH101) eBioscience 48-4776-42 Flow cytometry analysis: Intracellular protein staining
Electric clippers Kent CL8787-KIT hair removal
Epredia Shandon Instant Eosin Fisher Scientific 6765040 H&E
Epredia Shandon Instant Hematoxylin Fisher Scientific 6765015 H&E
FITC anti-human CD45 (Clone HI30) Tonbo Biosciences 35-0459-T100 Flow cytometry analysis: Surface protein staining
Forceps  medicon 07.60.07 sample preparation and mouse dissection
Gauze Fisherbrand 22-362-178 Sample preparation
Heating lamp Morganville Scientific HL0100 Post-surgical care
Heating pads 4" x 10" Pristech 20415 Surgical heat supply
Insulin 1cc 12.7 mm syringes BD 329410 drug administration
Isoflurane United States Pharmacopeia (USP)  NDC 66794-013-25 Anesthesia 
Isoflurane machine VetEquip 911103 Anesthesia
Nair for Men Nair ‎ 10022600588556 hair removal
Neomycin and Polymyxin Bisulfates and Bacitracin Zinc Ophthalmic ointment Dechra  NDC 17478-235-35 eye ointment to prevent drying
NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice The Jackson Laboratory 005557 Mice
Paper towels Kleenex 100848 May be autoclaved for sterile surfaces
Parafilm Fisher Scientific 13-374-12 Semitransparent sealing film
PE mouse anti-human CD127 (Clone HIL-7R-M21) BD Biosciences 557938 Flow cytometry analysis: Surface protein staining
PE-Cy-7 mouse anti-Ki-67 (Clone B56) BD Biosciences 561283 Flow cytometry analysis: Intracellular protein staining
PerCP-eFluor-710 CD152 (CTLA-4) monoclonal antibody (Clone 14D3) eBioscience 46-1529-42 Flow cytometry analysis: Intracellular protein staining
Permeabilization Buffer 10x eBioscience 00-8333-56 Flow cytometry analysis: Intracellular protein staining buffer
Petri Dish 150 mm Corning 430597 Sample storage
Plastic Wrap Fisherbrand 22-305-654 Site preparation
Providone-Iodine Swab stick PDI S41350 Site sterilization
Soft-Feed and Oral Hydration (Napa Nectar) Se Lab Group Inc NC9066511  For supplementing poorly recovering mice post-surgery
Specimen Collection Cups Fisher Scientific 22-150-266 sample storage
Sterile alcohol prep pad Fisherbrand 22-363-750 skin preparation
Sterile PBS Gibco 14190-144 Media for sample storage
Sterile saline Hospira NDC 0409-4888-02 For drug dilution
Tegaderm Film 4” x 43/4”  3M 1626 transparent film wound dressing
Vaseline Petrolatum Gauze 3” x 8”  Kendall 414600 wound dressing
Violet 510 Ghost Dye  Tonbo Biosciences 13-0870-T100 Flow cytometry analysis: Viability dye

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Cite This Article
Moss, M. I., Pauli, M., Moreau, J. M., Cohen, J. N., Rosenblum, M. D., Lowe, M. M. Xenograft Skin Model to Manipulate Human Immune Responses In Vivo. J. Vis. Exp. (184), e64040, doi:10.3791/64040 (2022).

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