Выбор Аптамеры для β-амилоида белка, возбудитель болезни Альцгеймера
Summary
Аптамеры короткие ribo-/deoxyribo-oligonucleotides выбран<em> В пробирке</em> Эволюции методов, основанных на сродством к конкретной цели. Аптамеры молекулярные инструменты признания с универсальным терапевтических, диагностических и исследовательских целях. Мы демонстрируем методы отбора аптамеров для амилоидных β-белок, возбудитель болезни Альцгеймера.
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, age-dependent, neurodegenerative disorder with an insidious course that renders its presymptomatic diagnosis difficult1. Definite AD diagnosis is achieved only postmortem, thus establishing presymptomatic, early diagnosis of AD is crucial for developing and administering effective therapies2,3.
Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is central to AD pathogenesis. Soluble, oligomeric Aβ assemblies are believed to affect neurotoxicity underlying synaptic dysfunction and neuron loss in AD4,5. Various forms of soluble Aβ assemblies have been described, however, their interrelationships and relevance to AD etiology and pathogenesis are complex and not well understood6. Specific molecular recognition tools may unravel the relationships amongst Aβ assemblies and facilitate detection and characterization of these assemblies early in the disease course before symptoms emerge. Molecular recognition commonly relies on antibodies. However, an alternative class of molecular recognition tools, aptamers, offers important advantages relative to antibodies7,8. Aptamers are oligonucleotides generated by in-vitro selection: systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX)9,10. SELEX is an iterative process that, similar to Darwinian evolution, allows selection, amplification, enrichment, and perpetuation of a property, e.g., avid, specific, ligand binding (aptamers) or catalytic activity (ribozymes and DNAzymes).
Despite emergence of aptamers as tools in modern biotechnology and medicine11, they have been underutilized in the amyloid field. Few RNA or ssDNA aptamers have been selected against various forms of prion proteins (PrP)12-16. An RNA aptamer generated against recombinant bovine PrP was shown to recognize bovine PrP-β17, a soluble, oligomeric, β-sheet-rich conformational variant of full-length PrP that forms amyloid fibrils18. Aptamers generated using monomeric and several forms of fibrillar β2-microglobulin (β2m) were found to bind fibrils of certain other amyloidogenic proteins besides β2m fibrils19. Ylera et al. described RNA aptamers selected against immobilized monomeric Aβ4020. Unexpectedly, these aptamers bound fibrillar Aβ40. Altogether, these data raise several important questions. Why did aptamers selected against monomeric proteins recognize their polymeric forms? Could aptamers against monomeric and/or oligomeric forms of amyloidogenic proteins be obtained? To address these questions, we attempted to select aptamers for covalently-stabilized oligomeric Aβ4021 generated using photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins (PICUP)22,23. Similar to previous findings17,19,20, these aptamers reacted with fibrils of Aβ and several other amyloidogenic proteins likely recognizing a potentially common amyloid structural aptatope21. Here, we present the SELEX methodology used in production of these aptamers21.
Protocol
Discussion
Отправной точкой процесса SELEX является синтез случайных библиотеки олигонуклеотидных обычно содержащих 10 12 -10 15 последовательностей. В ДНК SELEX, эта библиотека используется непосредственно после бассейна оцДНК создается, тогда как в РНК SELEX, продемонстрировали здесь, в библ?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Эта работа была поддержана грантами AG030709 из NIH / НИА и 07-65798 от Калифорнийского департамента здравоохранения. Мы признаем, Маргарет М. Кондрон для синтеза пептидов и аминокислотного анализа, доктор Элизабет Ф. Нейфельд для оказания помощи и поддержки начальных этапов проекта, доктор Чи-Хун Б. Чена за оказание поддержки и реагентов, а также д-р Эндрю D . Эллингтона за полезные обсуждения.
Materials
| Material Name | Type | Company | Catalogue Number | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aβ40 | UCLA Biopolymers Laboratory | Lyophilized powder | ||
| MX5 Automated-S Microbalance | Mettler Toledo | |||
| Silicon-coated, 1.6-ml tubes | Denville Scientific | C19033 or C19035 | ||
| 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) | TCI America | H0424 | Use in a fume hood. | |
| Ammonium persulfate | Sigma | A-7460 | Vortex until the solution is clear. APS is prepared freshly each time and should be used within 48 h. | |
| Tris(2,2-bipridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) hexahydrate | Sigma | 224758-1G | Vortex until the solution is clear. Cover the RuBpy tube with foil to protect the reagent from ambient light. RuBpy is prepared freshly each time and should be used within 48 h. | |
| Dithiothreitol (DTT) | Sigma | 43815 | ||
| D-Salt™ Excellulose™ desalting columns | Thermo Scientific | 20449 | ||
| Ammonium acetate | Fisher Scientific | A637-500 | ||
| Silicon-coated, 0.6-ml tubes | Denville Scientific | C19063 | ||
| Novex Tricine Gels (10–20%) | Invitrogen | EC6625B0X | 10-well; mini size (8 cm X 8 cm); 25 μl loading volume per well; separation range 5 kDa to 40 kDa | |
| Quartz cuvette | Hellma | 105.250-QS | ||
| Beckman DU 640 spectrophotometer | Beckman | |||
| ssDNA library | Integrated DNA Technologies | Custom-ordered | The library was designed to contain 49 random nucleotides flanked by two constant regions containing primer-binding and cloning sites: 5′-TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA TAG GGA ATT CCG CGT GTG C (N:25:25:25:25%) (N)49 G TCC GTT CGG GAT CCT C-3′ | |
| Taq DNA polymerase | USB Corporation | 71160 | Recombinant Thermus aquaticus DNA Polymerase supplied with 10× PCR Buffer and a separate tube of 25 mM MgCl2 for routine PCR. | |
| PCR Nucleotide Mix, 10 mM solution | USB Corporation | 77212 | (10 mM each dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP) | |
| Forward primer | Integrated DNA Technologies | Custom-ordered | 5′-TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA TAG GGA ATT CCG CGT GTG C-3′ | |
| Reverse primer | Integrated DNA Technologies | Custom-ordered | 5′-GAG GAT CCC GAA CGG AC-3′ | |
| Thermal cycler | Denville Scientific | Techne TC-312 | ||
| QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (50) | QIAGEN | 28104 | ||
| Agarose | Denville Scientific | CA3510-8 | ||
| Conical, sterile 1.6-ml tubes with caps attached with O-rings | Denville Scientific | C19040-S | ||
| RiboMAX™ Large Scale RNA Production System–T7 | Promega | P1300 | The kit contains: 120 μl Enzyme Mix (RNA polymerase, recombinant RNasin® ribonuclease inhibitor and recombinant inorganic pyrophosphatase); 240 μl transcription 5 buffer; 100 μl each of 4 rNTPs, 100 mM; 110 U RQ1 RNase-free DNase, 1 U/μl; 10 μl linear control DNA, 1 mg/ml; 1 ml 3M sodium acetate (pH 5.2); 1.25 ml nuclease-Free water | |
| α-32P-cytidine 5′-triphosphate, 250 μCi (9.25 MBq), | Perkin Elmer | BLU008H250UC | Specific Activity: 3000 Ci (111 TBq)/mmol, 50 mM Tricine (pH 7.6) | |
| Citrate-saturated phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (125:24:1, pH 4.7) | Sigma (Fluka) | 77619 | ||
| Chloroform:Isoamyl alcohol (24:1) | Sigma | C0549 | ||
| Absolute ethanol for molecular biology | Sigma | E7023 | ||
| Z216-MK refrigerated microcentrifuge | Denville Scientific | C0216-MK | ||
| illustra ProbeQuant™ G-50 Micro Columns | GE Healthcare | Obtained from Fisher Scientific (45-001-487) | Prepacked with Sephadex™ G-50 DNA Grade and pre-equilibrated in STE buffer containing 0.15% Kathon as Biocide | |
| Triathler Bench-top Scintillation counter | Hidex Oy, Turku, Finland | Triathler LSC Model: 425-034 | ||
| Novex® TBE-Urea Sample Buffer (2×) | Invitrogen | LC6876 | ||
| 6% TBE-Urea Gels 1.0 mm, 10 wells | Invitrogen | EC6865BOX | ||
| Novex® TBE Running Buffer (5×) | Invitrogen | LC6675 | ||
| Radioactivity decontaminant | Fisher Scientific | 04-355-67 | ||
| Gel-loading tips | Denville Scientific | P3080 | ||
| XCell SureLock Mini-Cell | Invitrogen | EI0001 | XCell SureLock Mini-Cell | |
| Autoradiography film | Denville Scientific | E3018 | Use in complete darkness | |
| Autoradiography film, Hyperfilm™ ECL | Amersham Biosciences | RPN3114K | Can be used under red safe light. | |
| Membrane discs | Millipore | GSWP02500 | Mixed cellulose ester, hydrophilic, 0.22-μm disc membranes | |
| Fritted glass support base for 125-ml flask | VWR | 26316-696 | ||
| Petri dishes | Fisher Scientific | 08-757-11YZ | ||
| Urea | Fisher Scientific | AC32738-0050 | ||
| EDTA | Fisher Scientific | 118430010 | ||
| Glycogen | Sigma | G1767 | ||
| 2-Propanol for molecular biology | Sigma | I9516 | ||
| Recombinant RNase inhibitor | USB Corporation | 71571 | ||
| ImProm-II™Reverse Transcription System | Promega | A3802 | ||
| Recombinant RNase inhibitor | USB Corporation | 71571 | ||
| RapidRun™ Loading Dye | USB Corporation | 77524 |
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