Summary

力に敏感な素子のナノメカニカル測定のための高速磁気ピンセット

Published: May 12, 2023
doi:

Summary

ここでは、力に敏感な生体分子を最大1.2kHzの速度でナノメカニカル測定を行う高速磁気ピンセットのセットアップについて説明します。モデル系としてDNAヘアピンやSNARE複合体への応用を紹介しますが、メカノバイオイベントに関与する他の分子にも応用できます。

Abstract

1分子磁気ピンセット(MT)は、核酸やタンパク質などの生体分子を強制的に調べるための強力なツールとして機能しており、メカノバイオロジーの分野で役立つ態勢を整えています。この方法は一般に磁気ビーズの画像ベースの追跡に依存しているため、画像の記録と分析の速度制限、およびビーズの熱変動は、標的分子の小さくて速い構造変化を観察するためのその応用を長い間妨げてきました。本稿では、生体分子とその複合体のナノスケール、ミリ秒のダイナミクスを解析できる高分解能MTセットアップの構築と操作の詳細な方法について説明します。応用例として、DNAヘアピンやSNARE複合体(膜融合機構)を用いた実験を、ピコノートンスケールの力の存在下でそれらの過渡状態や遷移をどのように検出できるかに焦点を当てて説明します。今後も高速MTにより、細胞内の力を感知・伝達・発生する分子の高精度なナノメカニカル計測が可能となり、メカノバイオロジーの分子レベルでの理解が深まることが期待されます。

Introduction

細胞は機械的刺激を積極的に感知し、反応します。そうすることで、多くの生体分子は力に依存する特性を示し、動的な構造変化を可能にします。よく知られている例としては、機械感受性イオンチャネルや細胞骨格要素があり、周囲の環境から細胞に重要な機械的情報を提供します。

また、独特の力を持つ性質を示す分子も、より広い意味で機械感受性と見なすことができます。例えば、核酸二本鎖の局所的な形成と融解、およびG-quadruplexなどの高次構造は、複製、転写、組換え、そして最近ではゲノム編集において重要な役割を果たします。さらに、シナプスコミュニケーションに関与するいくつかのニューロンタンパク質は、典型的な分子間相互作用のレベルを超える物理的な力を生成することによってそれらの機能を果たす。いずれの例を用いても、関与する生体分子のナノメカニクスを高い時空間精度で調べることは、関連するメカノバイオロジカルプロセスの分子メカニズムを明らかにする上で非常に有用であることがわかります1,2,3

単一分子力分光法は、生体分子の機械的特性を調べるための強力なツールとして役立っています2,4,5,6。核酸やタンパク質の構造変化を力を加えると同時にモニタリングし、力依存性を調べることができます。よく知られている2つのセットアップは、光ピンセットと磁気ピンセット(MT)で、ミクロンサイズのビーズを使用して分子を操作します5,6,7,8。これらのプラットフォームでは、ポリスチレン(光ピンセット用)または磁気ビーズ(MT用)は、通常は二本鎖DNA(dsDNA)の短い断片でできている分子「ハンドル」を介して標的分子(核酸やタンパク質など)につながれています。次に、ビーズを動かして力を加え、画像化して、標的分子の構造変化を報告するビーズの位置を追跡します。光ピンセットと磁気ピンセットは、その用途ではほぼ互換性がありますが、力を制御するためのアプローチには重要な違いがあります。光ピンセットは、ビーズを所定の位置にトラップする本質的に位置クランプ装置であり、ターゲット構造の形状が変化すると、加えられる力が変動します。展開などによる伸展の増加は、テザーを緩めて張力を低下させ、逆もまた同様です。光ピンセットの力を制御するためにアクティブフィードバックを実装することができますが、MTは自然にフォースクランプデバイスとして動作し、永久磁石による安定した遠方界磁力を利用して、環境の摂動にも耐えることができます。

MTは、その長い歴史とシンプルな設計にもかかわらず、主に高速ビードトラッキングの技術的課題のために、高精度測定へのアプリケーションにおいて光ピンセットに遅れをとっています。しかし、最近では、いくつかのグループが共同でMT機器のハードウェアとソフトウェアの両方の多面的な改善を主導しています2,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 .本研究では、1.2kHzで動作するこのようなセットアップの例を紹介し、それを使用して力に敏感な生体分子のナノメカニカル測定を実行する方法について説明します。モデルシステムとして、DNAヘアピンと神経細胞SNARE複合体を用いて、ピコニュートンレジームにおけるそれらの速い構造変化を調べます。DNAヘアピンは、明確に定義された力範囲20,21で単純な2状態遷移を示すため、ピンセットセットアップの性能を検証するためのおもちゃモデルとして機能します。SNAREタンパク質は、膜融合22を駆動する力に敏感な複合体に集合するため、単一分子力分光法14、232425によっても広く研究されています。データを分析し、熱力学と動力学に関する有用な情報を抽出するための標準的なアプローチが提示されています。この記事が、メカノバイオロジー研究における高精度MTの採用を促進し、読者が関心のある独自の力に敏感なシステムを探求するように動機付けることを願っています。

Protocol

このプロトコルに記載されているすべての材料と機器は、 材料の表に記載されています。以下に説明する高速MTセットアップを操作するためのLabVIEWソフトウェア、およびサンプルデータを解析するためのMATLABスクリプトは、GitHub(https://github.com/ShonLab/Magnetic-Tweezers)に公開されています。 1. 装置構成 注:高速MT構造の一般原理は?…

Representative Results

力のキャリブレーション2つの力測定方法(ビーズの横方向変位分散とパワースペクトル分析)の結果は、0〜2pN異なりました(図2G)。 図2Fの結果によると、通常のネオジム磁石で最大30pNまで確実に到達できます。 8 bp DNAヘアピンの2状態遷移まず、短いDNAヘアピンのナノメカニクスを調べました(<strong…

Discussion

本研究では、生体分子の構造変化を高い時空間精度で観察できる1分子力分光装置を導入しました。高速CMOSカメラは、1,280 x 1,024の解像度で1,200フレーム 1を取得し、1.2kHzのビーズトラッキングを可能にします。ただし、現在、測定速度はビーズトラッキングソフトウェアによって制限されているため、高速測定ではROIは通常、より小さな領域に低下します。SLDの高出力は、最大数kHzの…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

この研究は、韓国政府(MSIT)が資金提供する韓国国立研究財団(NRF)の助成金(NRF-2022R1C1C1012176、NRF-2021R1A4A1031754、およびNRF-2021R1A6A1A10042944)の支援を受けました。S.-H.R.はNRF助成金(2021R1C1C2009717)の支援を受けました。

Materials

Materials for construct synthesis
Agarose gel electrophoresis system Advance Mupid-2plus
DNA ladder Bioneer D-1037
nTaq polymerase Enzynomics P050A
PCR purification kit LaboPass CMR0112
PEGylated SMCC crosslinker / SM(PEG)2 ThermoFisher Scientific 22102 For SNARE–DNA coupling
Primer B Bioneer 5'-Biotin/TCGCCACCATCATTTCCA-3' For 5-kbp force calibration construct and DNA handles
Primer B_hp IDT 5'-Biotin/TTTTTTTTTTGTTCTCTATTT
TTTTAGAGAAC /AP site/ /AP site/ TCGCCACCATCATTTCCA-3'
For hairpin construct
Primer N Bioneer 5'-C6Amine/CATGTGGGTGACGCGAAA-3' For DNA handles
Primer Z Bioneer 5'-Azide/TCGCCACCATCATTTCCA-3' For DNA handles
Primer Z_5k Bioneer 5'-Azide/TTAGAGAGTATGGGTATATGACA
TCG-3'
For 5-kbp force calibration construct
Primer Z_hp Bioneer 5'-Azide/GTGGCAGCATGACACC-3' For hairpin construct
SYBR Safe DNA Gel Stain ThermoFisher Scientific S33102
λ-DNA Bioneer D-2510 Template strand for PCR
DNA sequences for SNARE proteins
6×His-tagged SNAP-25b (2-206; capitalized) in pET28a homemade tggcgaatgggacgcgccctgtagcggcgca
ttaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgca
gcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagc
gcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttccttt
ctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaag
ctctaaatcgggggctccctttagggttccg
atttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccccaaa
aaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtg
ggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccc
tttgacgttggagtccacgttctttaatagt
ggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactca
accctatctcggtctattcttttgatttata
agggattttgccgatttcggcctattggtta
aaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacg
cgaattttaacaaaatattaacgtttacaat
ttcaggtggcacttttcggggaaatgtgcgc
ggaacccctatttgtttatttttctaaatac
attcaaatatgtatccgctcatgaattaatt
cttagaaaaactcatcgagcatcaaatgaaa
ctgcaatttattcatatcaggattatcaata
ccatatttttgaaaaagccgtttctgtaatg
aaggagaaaactcaccgaggcagttccatag
gatggcaagatcctggtatcggtctgcgatt
ccgactcgtccaacatcaatacaacctatta
atttcccctcgtcaaaaataaggttatcaag
tgagaaatcaccatgagtgacgactgaatcc
ggtgagaatggcaaaagtttatgcatttctt
tccagacttgttcaacaggccagccattacg
ctcgtcatcaaaatcactcgcatcaaccaaa
ccgttattcattcgtgattgcgcctgagcga
gacgaaatacgcgatcgctgttaaaaggaca
attacaaacaggaatcgaatgcaaccggcgc
aggaacactgccagcgcatcaacaatatttt
cacctgaatcaggatattcttctaatacctg
gaatgctgttttcccggggatcgcagtggtg
agtaaccatgcatcatcaggagtacggataa
aatgcttgatggtcggaagaggcataaattc
cgtcagccagtttagtctgaccatctcatct
gtaacatcattggcaacgctacctttgccat
gtttcagaaacaactctggcgcatcgggctt
cccatacaatcgatagattgtcgcacctgat
tgcccgacattatcgcgagcccatttatacc
catataaatcagcatccatgttggaatttaa
tcgcggcctagagcaagacgtttcccgttga
atatggctcataacaccccttgtattactgt
ttatgtaagcagacagttttattgttcatga
ccaaaatcccttaacgtgagttttcgttcca
ctgagcgtcagaccccgtagaaaagatcaaa
ggatcttcttgagatcctttttttctgcgcg
taatctgctgcttgcaaacaaaaaaaccacc
gctaccagcggtggtttgtttgccggatcaa
gagctaccaactctttttccgaaggtaactg
gcttcagcagagcgcagataccaaatactgt
ccttctagtgtagccgtagttaggccaccac
ttcaagaactctgtagcaccgcctacatacc
tcgctctgctaatcctgttaccagtggctgc
tgccagtggcgataagtcgtgtcttaccggg
ttggactcaagacgatagttaccggataagg
cgcagcggtcgggctgaacggggggttcgtg
cacacagcccagcttggagcgaacgacctac
accgaactgagatacctacagcgtgagctat
gagaaagcgccacgcttcccgaagggagaaa
ggcggacaggtatccggtaagcggcagggtc
ggaacaggagagcgcacgagggagcttcca
gggggaaacgcctggtatctttatagtcctgt
cgggtttcgccacctctgacttgagcgtcga
tttttgtgatgctcgtcaggggggcggagcc
tatggaaaaacgccagcaacgcggccttttt
acggttcctggccttttgctggccttttgct
cacatgttctttcctgcgttatcccctgatt
ctgtggataaccgtattaccgcctttgagtg
agctgataccgctcgccgcagccgaacgacc
gagcgcagcgagtcagtgagcgaggaagcgg
aagagcgcctgatgcggtattttctccttac
gcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcatatat
ggtgcactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgc
cgcatagttaagccagtatacactccgctat
cgctacgtgactgggtcatggctgcgccccg
acacccgccaacacccgctgacgcgccctga
cgggcttgtctgctcccggcatccgcttaca
gacaagctgtgaccgtctccgggagctgcat
gtgtcagaggttttcaccgtcatcaccgaaa
cgcgcgaggcagctgcggtaaagctcatcag
cgtggtcgtgaagcgattcacagatgtctgc
ctgttcatccgcgtccagctcgttgagtttc
tccagaagcgttaatgtctggcttctgataa
agcgggccatgttaagggcggttttttcctg
tttggtcactgatgcctccgtgtaaggggga
tttctgttcatgggggtaatgataccgatga
aacgagagaggatgctcacgatacgggttac
tgatgatgaacatgcccggttactggaacgt
tgtgagggtaaacaactggcggtatggatgc
ggcgggaccagagaaaaatcactcagggtc
aatgccagcgcttcgttaatacagatgtaggt
gttccacagggtagccagcagcatcctgcga
tgcagatccggaacataatggtgcagggcgc
tgacttccgcgtttccagactttacgaaaca
cggaaaccgaagaccattcatgttgttgctc
aggtcgcagacgttttgcagcagcagtcgct
tcacgttcgctcgcgtatcggtgattcattc
tgctaaccagtaaggcaaccccgccagccta
gccgggtcctcaacgacaggagcacgatcat
gcgcacccgtggggccgccatgccggcgata
atggcctgcttctcgccgaaacgtttggtgg
cgggaccagtgacgaaggcttgagcgagggc
gtgcaagattccgaataccgcaagcgacagg
ccgatcatcgtcgcgctccagcgaaagcggt
cctcgccgaaaatgacccagagcgctgccgg
cacctgtcctacgagttgcatgataaagaag
acagtcataagtgcggcgacgatagtcatgc
cccgcgcccaccggaaggagctgactgggtt
gaaggctctcaagggcatcggtcgagatccc
ggtgcctaatgagtgagctaacttacattaa
ttgcgttgcgctcactgcccgctttccagtc
gggaaacctgtcgtgccagctgcattaatga
atcggccaacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgc
gtattgggcgccagggtggtttttcttttca
ccagtgagacgggcaacagctgattgccctt
caccgcctggccctgagagagttgcagcaag
cggtccacgctggtttgccccagcaggcgaa
aatcctgtttgatggtggttaacggcgggat
ataacatgagctgtcttcggtatcgtcgtat
cccactaccgagatatccgcaccaacgcgca
gcccggactcggtaatggcgcgcattgcgcc
cagcgccatctgatcgttggcaaccagcatc
gcagtgggaacgatgccctcattcagcattt
gcatggtttgttgaaaaccggacatggcact
ccagtcgccttcccgttccgctatcggctga
atttgattgcgagtgagatatttatgccagc
cagccagacgcagacgcgccgagacagaa
cttaatgggcccgctaacagcgcgatttgctgg
tgacccaatgcgaccagatgctccacgccca
gtcgcgtaccgtcttcatgggagaaaataat
actgttgatgggtgtctggtcagagacatca
agaaataacgccggaacattagtgcaggcag
cttccacagcaatggcatcctggtcatccag
cggatagttaatgatcagcccactgacgcgt
tgcgcgagaagattgtgcaccgccgctttac
aggcttcgacgccgcttcgttctaccatcga
caccaccacgctggcacccagttgatcggcg
cgagatttaatcgccgcgacaatttgcgacg
gcgcgtgcagggccagactggaggtggcaac
gccaatcagcaacgactgtttgcccgccagt
tgttgtgccacgcggttgggaatgtaattca
gctccgccatcgccgcttccactttttcccg
cgttttcgcagaaacgtggctggcctggttc
accacgcgggaaacggtctgataagagacac
cggcatactctgcgacatcgtataacgttac
tggtttcacattcaccaccctgaattgactc
tcttccgggcgctatcatgccataccgcgaa
aggttttgcgccattcgatggtgtccgggat
ctcgacgctctcccttatgcgactcctgcat
taggaagcagcccagtagtaggttgaggccg
ttgagcaccgccgccgcaaggaatggtgcat
gcaaggagatggcgcccaacagtcccccggc
cacggggcctgccaccatacccacgccgaaa
caagcgctcatgagcccgaagtggcgagccc
gatcttccccatcggtgatgtcggcgatata
ggcgccagcaaccgcacctgtggcgccggtg
atgccggccacgatgcgtccggcgtagagga
tcgagatctcgatcccgcgaaattaatacga
ctcactataggggaattgtgagcggataaca
attcccctctagaaataattttgtttaactt
taagaaggagatataccATGGGCAGC
AGCCATCATCATCATCATCACA
GCAGCGGCCTGGTGCCGCGC
GGCAGCCATACTAGCGGAGAT
ATCGCCGAGGACGCAGACAT
GCGCAATGAGCTGGAGGAGA
TGCAGAGGAGGGCTGACCAG
CTGGCTGATGAGTCCCTGGA
AAGCACCCGTCGCATGCTGC
AGCTGGTTGAAGAGAGTAAA
GATGCTGGCATCAGGACTTT
GGTTATGTTGGATGAGCAAG
GCGAACAACTGGAACGCATT
GAGGAAGGGATGGACCAAAT
CAATAAGGACATGAAAGAAG
CAGAAAAGAATTTGACGGAC
CTAGGAAAATTCGCCGGCCT
TGCCGTGGCCCCCGCCAAC
AAGCTTAAATCCAGTGATGC
TTACAAAAAAGCCTGGGGC
AATAATCAGGATGGAGTAGT
GGCCAGCCAGCCTGCCCG
TGTGGTGGATGAACGGGAG
CAGATGGCCATCAGTGGTG
GCTTCATCCGCAGGGTAAC
AAATGATGCCCGGGAAAAT
GAGATGGATGAGAACCTG
GAGCAGGTGAGCGGCATC
ATCGGAAACCTCCGCCAC
ATGGCTCTAGACATGGGCA
ATGAGATTGACACCCAGA
ATCGCCAGATCGACAGGA
TCATGGAGAAGGCTGATT
CCAACAAAACCAGAATTG
ATGAAGCCAACCAACGTG
CAACAAAGATGCTGGGAA
GTGGTTAAggatccgaattcgag
ctccgtcgacaagcttgcggccgcactc
gagcaccaccaccaccaccactgagat
ccggctgctaacaaagcccgaaagga
agctgagttggctgctgccaccgctgag
caataactagcataaccccttggggcct
ctaaacgggtcttgaggggttttttgctga
aaggaggaactatatccggat
6×His-tagged VAMP2 (2-97, L32C/I97C; capitalized) in pET28a homemade tggcgaatgggacgcgccctgtagcggcgca
ttaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgca
gcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagc
gcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttccttt
ctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaag
ctctaaatcgggggctccctttagggttccg
atttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccccaaa
aaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtg
ggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccc
tttgacgttggagtccacgttctttaatagt
ggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactca
accctatctcggtctattcttttgatttata
agggattttgccgatttcggcctattggtta
aaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacg
cgaattttaacaaaatattaacgtttacaat
ttcaggtggcacttttcggggaaatgtgcgc
ggaacccctatttgtttatttttctaaatac
attcaaatatgtatccgctcatgaattaatt
cttagaaaaactcatcgagcatcaaatgaaa
ctgcaatttattcatatcaggattatcaata
ccatatttttgaaaaagccgtttctgtaatg
aaggagaaaactcaccgaggcagttccatag
gatggcaagatcctggtatcggtctgcgatt
ccgactcgtccaacatcaatacaacctatta
atttcccctcgtcaaaaataaggttatcaag
tgagaaatcaccatgagtgacgactgaatcc
ggtgagaatggcaaaagtttatgcatttctt
tccagacttgttcaacaggccagccattacg
ctcgtcatcaaaatcactcgcatcaaccaaa
ccgttattcattcgtgattgcgcctgagcga
gacgaaatacgcgatcgctgttaaaaggaca
attacaaacaggaatcgaatgcaaccggcgc
aggaacactgccagcgcatcaacaatatttt
cacctgaatcaggatattcttctaatacctg
gaatgctgttttcccggggatcgcagtggtg
agtaaccatgcatcatcaggagtacggataa
aatgcttgatggtcggaagaggcataaattc
cgtcagccagtttagtctgaccatctcatct
gtaacatcattggcaacgctacctttgccat
gtttcagaaacaactctggcgcatcgggctt
cccatacaatcgatagattgtcgcacctgat
tgcccgacattatcgcgagcccatttatacc
catataaatcagcatccatgttggaatttaa
tcgcggcctagagcaagacgtttcccgttga
atatggctcataacaccccttgtattactgt
ttatgtaagcagacagttttattgttcatga
ccaaaatcccttaacgtgagttttcgttcca
ctgagcgtcagaccccgtagaaaagatcaaa
ggatcttcttgagatcctttttttctgcgcg
taatctgctgcttgcaaacaaaaaaaccacc
gctaccagcggtggtttgtttgccggatcaa
gagctaccaactctttttccgaaggtaactg
gcttcagcagagcgcagataccaaatactgt
ccttctagtgtagccgtagttaggccaccac
ttcaagaactctgtagcaccgcctacatacc
tcgctctgctaatcctgttaccagtggctgc
tgccagtggcgataagtcgtgtcttaccggg
ttggactcaagacgatagttaccggataagg
cgcagcggtcgggctgaacggggggttcgtg
cacacagcccagcttggagcgaacgacctac
accgaactgagatacctacagcgtgagctatg
agaaagcgccacgcttcccgaagggagaaa
ggcggacaggtatccggtaagcggcagggtc
ggaacaggagagcgcacgagggagcttcca
gggggaaacgcctggtatctttatagtcctgt
cgggtttcgccacctctgacttgagcgtcga
tttttgtgatgctcgtcaggggggcggagcc
tatggaaaaacgccagcaacgcggccttttt
acggttcctggccttttgctggccttttgct
cacatgttctttcctgcgttatcccctgatt
ctgtggataaccgtattaccgcctttgagtg
agctgataccgctcgccgcagccgaacgacc
gagcgcagcgagtcagtgagcgaggaagc
ggaagagcgcctgatgcggtattttctccttac
gcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcatatat
ggtgcactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgc
cgcatagttaagccagtatacactccgctat
cgctacgtgactgggtcatggctgcgccccg
acacccgccaacacccgctgacgcgccctga
cgggcttgtctgctcccggcatccgcttaca
gacaagctgtgaccgtctccgggagctgcat
gtgtcagaggttttcaccgtcatcaccgaaa
cgcgcgaggcagctgcggtaaagctcatcag
cgtggtcgtgaagcgattcacagatgtctgc
ctgttcatccgcgtccagctcgttgagtttc
tccagaagcgttaatgtctggcttctgataa
agcgggccatgttaagggcggttttttcctg
tttggtcactgatgcctccgtgtaaggggga
tttctgttcatgggggtaatgataccgatga
aacgagagaggatgctcacgatacgggttac
tgatgatgaacatgcccggttactggaacgt
tgtgagggtaaacaactggcggtatggatgc
ggcgggaccagagaaaaatcactcagggtc
aatgccagcgcttcgttaatacagatgtaggt
gttccacagggtagccagcagcatcctgcga
tgcagatccggaacataatggtgcagggcgc
tgacttccgcgtttccagactttacgaaaca
cggaaaccgaagaccattcatgttgttgctc
aggtcgcagacgttttgcagcagcagtcgct
tcacgttcgctcgcgtatcggtgattcattc
tgctaaccagtaaggcaaccccgccagccta
gccgggtcctcaacgacaggagcacgatcat
gcgcacccgtggggccgccatgccggcgata
atggcctgcttctcgccgaaacgtttggtgg
cgggaccagtgacgaaggcttgagcgagggc
gtgcaagattccgaataccgcaagcgacagg
ccgatcatcgtcgcgctccagcgaaagcggt
cctcgccgaaaatgacccagagcgctgccgg
cacctgtcctacgagttgcatgataaagaag
acagtcataagtgcggcgacgatagtcatgc
cccgcgcccaccggaaggagctgactgggtt
gaaggctctcaagggcatcggtcgagatccc
ggtgcctaatgagtgagctaacttacattaa
ttgcgttgcgctcactgcccgctttccagtc
gggaaacctgtcgtgccagctgcattaatga
atcggccaacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgc
gtattgggcgccagggtggtttttcttttca
ccagtgagacgggcaacagctgattgccctt
caccgcctggccctgagagagttgcagcaag
cggtccacgctggtttgccccagcaggcgaa
aatcctgtttgatggtggttaacggcgggat
ataacatgagctgtcttcggtatcgtcgtat
cccactaccgagatatccgcaccaacgcgca
gcccggactcggtaatggcgcgcattgcgcc
cagcgccatctgatcgttggcaaccagcatc
gcagtgggaacgatgccctcattcagcattt
gcatggtttgttgaaaaccggacatggcact
ccagtcgccttcccgttccgctatcggctga
atttgattgcgagtgagatatttatgccagc
cagccagacgcagacgcgccgagacagaa
cttaatgggcccgctaacagcgcgatttgctgg
tgacccaatgcgaccagatgctccacgccca
gtcgcgtaccgtcttcatgggagaaaataat
actgttgatgggtgtctggtcagagacatca
agaaataacgccggaacattagtgcaggcag
cttccacagcaatggcatcctggtcatccag
cggatagttaatgatcagcccactgacgcgt
tgcgcgagaagattgtgcaccgccgctttac
aggcttcgacgccgcttcgttctaccatcga
caccaccacgctggcacccagttgatcggcg
cgagatttaatcgccgcgacaatttgcgacg
gcgcgtgcagggccagactggaggtggcaac
gccaatcagcaacgactgtttgcccgccagt
tgttgtgccacgcggttgggaatgtaattca
gctccgccatcgccgcttccactttttcccg
cgttttcgcagaaacgtggctggcctggttc
accacgcgggaaacggtctgataagagacac
cggcatactctgcgacatcgtataacgttac
tggtttcacattcaccaccctgaattgactc
tcttccgggcgctatcatgccataccgcgaa
aggttttgcgccattcgatggtgtccgggat
ctcgacgctctcccttatgcgactcctgcat
taggaagcagcccagtagtaggttgaggccg
ttgagcaccgccgccgcaaggaatggtgcat
gcaaggagatggcgcccaacagtcccccggc
cacggggcctgccaccatacccacgccgaaa
caagcgctcatgagcccgaagtggcgagccc
gatcttccccatcggtgatgtcggcgatata
ggcgccagcaaccgcacctgtggcgccggtg
atgccggccacgatgcgtccggcgtagagga
tcgagatctcgatcccgcgaaattaatacga
ctcactataggggaattgtgagcggataaca
attcccctctagaaataattttgtttaactt
taagaaggagatataccATGGGCAGC
AGCCATCATCATCATCATCAC
AGCAGCGGCCTGGTGCCGC
GCGGCAGCCATATGGCAGAT
CTCTCGGCTACCGCTGCCAC
CGTCCCGCCTGCCGCCCCG
GCCGGCGAGGGTGGCCCCC
CTGCACCTCCTCCAAATCTTA
CCAGTAACAGGAGATGCCAG
CAGACCCAGGCCCAGGTGG
ATGAGGTGGTGGACATCATG
AGGGTGAATGTGGACAAGGT
CCTGGAGCGAGACCAGAAG
CTATCGGAACTGGATGATCG
CGCAGATGCCCTCCAGGCA
GGGGCCTCCCAGTTTGAAA
CAAGTGCAGCCAAGCTCAA
GCGCAAATACTGGTGGAAA
AACCTCAAGATGATGTGCTA
Aggatccgaattcgagctccgtcg
acaagcttgcggccgcactcgagcaccacca
ccaccaccactgagatccggctgctaacaaa
gcccgaaaggaagctgagttggctgctgcca
ccgctgagcaataactagcataaccccttgg
ggcctctaaacgggtcttgaggggttttttg
ctgaaaggaggaactatatccggat
6×His-tagged ΔN-VAMP2 (49–96; capitalized) and Syntaxin-1A (191–267, I202C/I266C; capitalized) in pETDuet-1 homemade ggggaattgtgagcggataacaattcccctc
tagaaataattttgtttaactttaagaagga
gatataccATGGGCAGCAGCCATCA
TCATCATCATCACAGCAGCGG
CCTGGAAGTTCTGTTCCAGGG
GCCCGGTAATGTGGACAAGGT
CCTGGAGCGAGACCAGAAGCT
ATCGGAACTGGATGATCGCGC
AGATGCCCTCCAGGCAGGGGC
CTCCCAGTTTGAAACAAGTGC
AGCCAAGCTCAAGCGCAAATAC
TGGTGGAAAAACCTCAAGATGAT
GTAAgcggccgcataatgcttaagtcgaaca
gaaagtaatcgtattgtacacggccgcataa
tcgaaattaatacgactcactataggggaat
tgtgagcggataacaattccccatcttagta
tattagttaagtataagaaggagatatacat
ATGGCCCTCAGTGAGATCGAGA
CCAGGCACAGTGAGTGCATC
AAGTTGGAGAACAGCATCCG
GGAGCTACACGATATGTTCAT
GGACATGGCCATGCTGGTGG
AGAGCCAGGGGGAGATGATT
GACAGGATCGAGTACAATGTG
GAACACGCTGTGGACTACGTG
GAGAGGGCCGTGTCTGACACC
AAGAAGGCCGTCAAGTACCAG
AGCAAGGCACGCAGGAAGAA
GTGCATGATCTAActcgagtc
tggtaaagaaaccgctgctgcgaaatttgaa
cgccagcacatggactcgtctactagcgcag
cttaattaacctaggctgctgccaccgctga
gcaataactagcataaccccttggggcctct
aaacgggtcttgaggggttttttgctgaaag
gaggaactatatccggattggcgaatgggac
gcgccctgtagcggcgcattaagcgcggcgg
gtgtggtggttacgcgcagcgtgaccgctac
acttgccagcgccctagcgcccgctcctttc
gctttcttcccttcctttctcgccacgttcg
ccggctttccccgtcaagctctaaatcgggg
gctccctttagggttccgatttagtgcttta
cggcacctcgaccccaaaaaacttgattagg
gtgatggttcacgtagtgggccatcgccctg
atagacggtttttcgccctttgacgttggag
tccacgttctttaatagtggactcttgttcc
aaactggaacaacactcaaccctatctcggt
ctattcttttgatttataagggattttgccg
atttcggcctattggttaaaaaatgagctga
tttaacaaaaatttaacgcgaattttaacaa
aatattaacgtttacaatttctggcggcacg
atggcatgagattatcaaaaaggatcttcac
ctagatccttttaaattaaaaatgaagtttt
aaatcaatctaaagtatatatgagtaaactt
ggtctgacagttaccaatgcttaatcagtga
ggcacctatctcagcgatctgtctatttcgt
tcatccatagttgcctgactccccgtcgtgt
agataactacgatacgggagggcttaccatc
tggccccagtgctgcaatgataccgcgagac
ccacgctcaccggctccagatttatcagcaa
taaaccagccagccggaagggccgagcgca
gaagtggtcctgcaactttatccgcctccatc
cagtctattaattgttgccgggaagctagag
taagtagttcgccagttaatagtttgcgcaa
cgttgttgccattgctacaggcatcgtggtg
tcacgctcgtcgtttggtatggcttcattca
gctccggttcccaacgatcaaggcgagttac
atgatcccccatgttgtgcaaaaaagcggtt
agctccttcggtcctccgatcgttgtcagaa
gtaagttggccgcagtgttatcactcatggt
tatggcagcactgcataattctcttactgtc
atgccatccgtaagatgcttttctgtgactg
gtgagtactcaaccaagtcattctgagaata
gtgtatgcggcgaccgagttgctcttgcccg
gcgtcaatacgggataataccgcgccacata
gcagaactttaaaagtgctcatcattggaaa
acgttcttcggggcgaaaactctcaaggatc
ttaccgctgttgagatccagttcgatgtaac
ccactcgtgcacccaactgatcttcagcatc
ttttactttcaccagcgtttctgggtgagcaaa
aacaggaaggcaaaatgccgcaaaaaagg
gaataagggcgacacggaaatgttgaatact
catactcttcctttttcaatcatgattgaag
catttatcagggttattgtctcatgagcgga
tacatatttgaatgtatttagaaaaataaac
aaataggtcatgaccaaaatcccttaacgtg
agttttcgttccactgagcgtcagaccccgt
agaaaagatcaaaggatcttcttgagatcct
ttttttctgcgcgtaatctgctgcttgcaaa
caaaaaaaccaccgctaccagcggtggtttg
tttgccggatcaagagctaccaactcttttt
ccgaaggtaactggcttcagcagagcgcaga
taccaaatactgtccttctagtgtagccgta
gttaggccaccacttcaagaactctgtagca
ccgcctacatacctcgctctgctaatcctgt
taccagtggctgctgccagtggcgataagtc
gtgtcttaccgggttggactcaagacgatag
ttaccggataaggcgcagcggtcgggctgaa
cggggggttcgtgcacacagcccagcttgga
gcgaacgacctacaccgaactgagataccta
cagcgtgagctatgagaaagcgccacgcttccc
gaagggagaaaggcggacaggtatccggta
agcggcagggtcggaacaggagagcgcac
gagggagcttccagggggaaacgcctggtatc
tttatagtcctgtcgggtttcgccacctctg
acttgagcgtcgatttttgtgatgctcgtca
ggggggcggagcctatggaaaaacgccagc
aacgcggcctttttacggttcctggccttttg
ctggccttttgctcacatgttctttcctgcg
ttatcccctgattctgtggataaccgtatta
ccgcctttgagtgagctgataccgctcgccgc
agccgaacgaccgagcgcagcgagtcagtg
agcgaggaagcggaagagcgcctgatgcgg
tattttctccttacgcatctgtgcggtatttc
acaccgcatatatggtgcactctcagtacaa
tctgctctgatgccgcatagttaagccagta
tacactccgctatcgctacgtgactgggtca
tggctgcgccccgacacccgccaacacccgc
tgacgcgccctgacgggcttgtctgctcccg
gcatccgcttacagacaagctgtgaccgtct
ccgggagctgcatgtgtcagaggttttcacc
gtcatcaccgaaacgcgcgaggcagctgcgg
taaagctcatcagcgtggtcgtgaagcgatt
cacagatgtctgcctgttcatccgcgtccag
ctcgttgagtttctccagaagcgttaatgtc
tggcttctgataaagcgggccatgttaaggg
cggttttttcctgtttggtcactgatgcctc
cgtgtaagggggatttctgttcatgggggta
atgataccgatgaaacgagagaggatgctca
cgatacgggttactgatgatgaacatgcccg
gttactggaacgttgtgagggtaaacaactg
gcggtatggatgcggcgggaccagagaaaaa
tcactcagggtcaatgccagcgcttcgttaa
tacagatgtaggtgttccacagggtagccag
cagcatcctgcgatgcagatccggaacataa
tggtgcagggcgctgacttccgcgtttccag
actttacgaaacacggaaaccgaagaccatt
catgttgttgctcaggtcgcagacgttttgc
agcagcagtcgcttcacgttcgctcgcgtat
cggtgattcattctgctaaccagtaaggcaa
ccccgccagcctagccgggtcctcaacgaca
ggagcacgatcatgctagtcatgccccgcgc
ccaccggaaggagctgactgggttgaaggct
ctcaagggcatcggtcgagatcccggtgcct
aatgagtgagctaacttacattaattgcgtt
gcgctcactgcccgctttccagtcgggaaac
ctgtcgtgccagctgcattaatgaatcggcc
aacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgcgtattgg
gcgccagggtggtttttcttttcaccagtga
gacgggcaacagctgattgcccttcaccgcc
tggccctgagagagttgcagcaagcggtcca
cgctggtttgccccagcaggcgaaaatcctg
tttgatggtggttaacggcgggatataacat
gagctgtcttcggtatcgtcgtatcccacta
ccgagatgtccgcaccaacgcgcagcccgga
ctcggtaatggcgcgcattgcgcccagcgcc
atctgatcgttggcaaccagcatcgcagtgg
gaacgatgccctcattcagcatttgcatggt
ttgttgaaaaccggacatggcactccagtcg
ccttcccgttccgctatcggctgaatttgat
tgcgagtgagatatttatgccagccagccag
acgcagacgcgccgagacagaacttaatggg
cccgctaacagcgcgatttgctggtgaccca
atgcgaccagatgctccacgcccagtcgcgt
accgtcttcatgggagaaaataatactgttg
atgggtgtctggtcagagacatcaagaaata
acgccggaacattagtgcaggcagcttccac
agcaatggcatcctggtcatccagcggatag
ttaatgatcagcccactgacgcgttgcgcga
gaagattgtgcaccgccgctttacaggcttc
gacgccgcttcgttctaccatcgacaccacc
acgctggcacccagttgatcggcgcgagatt
taatcgccgcgacaatttgcgacggcgcgtg
cagggccagactggaggtggcaacgccaatc
agcaacgactgtttgcccgccagttgttgtg
ccacgcggttgggaatgtaattcagctccgc
catcgccgcttccactttttcccgcgttttc
gcagaaacgtggctggcctggttcaccacgc
gggaaacggtctgataagagacaccggcata
ctctgcgacatcgtataacgttactggtttc
acattcaccaccctgaattgactctcttccg
ggcgctatcatgccataccgcgaaaggtttt
gcgccattcgatggtgtccgggatctcgacg
ctctcccttatgcgactcctgcattaggaag
cagcccagtagtaggttgaggccgttgagca
ccgccgccgcaaggaatggtgcatgcaagga
gatggcgcccaacagtcccccggccacgggg
cctgccaccatacccacgccgaaacaagcgc
tcatgagcccgaagtggcgagcccgatcttc
cccatcggtgatgtcggcgatataggcgcca
gcaaccgcacctgtggcgccggtgatgccgg
ccacgatgcgtccggcgtagaggatcgagat
cgatctcgatcccgcgaaattaatacgactc
actata
SNAP-25b (1–206, all C to A; capitalized) in pET28a homemade tggcgaatgggacgcgccctgtagcggcgca
ttaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgca
gcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagc
gcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttccttt
ctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaag
ctctaaatcgggggctccctttagggttccg
atttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccccaaa
aaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtg
ggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccc
tttgacgttggagtccacgttctttaatagt
ggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactca
accctatctcggtctattcttttgatttata
agggattttgccgatttcggcctattggtta
aaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacg
cgaattttaacaaaatattaacgtttacaat
ttcaggtggcacttttcggggaaatgtgcgc
ggaacccctatttgtttatttttctaaatac
attcaaatatgtatccgctcatgaattaatt
cttagaaaaactcatcgagcatcaaatgaaa
ctgcaatttattcatatcaggattatcaata
ccatatttttgaaaaagccgtttctgtaatg
aaggagaaaactcaccgaggcagttccatag
gatggcaagatcctggtatcggtctgcgatt
ccgactcgtccaacatcaatacaacctatta
atttcccctcgtcaaaaataaggttatcaag
tgagaaatcaccatgagtgacgactgaatcc
ggtgagaatggcaaaagtttatgcatttctt
tccagacttgttcaacaggccagccattacg
ctcgtcatcaaaatcactcgcatcaaccaaa
ccgttattcattcgtgattgcgcctgagcga
gacgaaatacgcgatcgctgttaaaaggaca
attacaaacaggaatcgaatgcaaccggcgc
aggaacactgccagcgcatcaacaatatttt
cacctgaatcaggatattcttctaatacctg
gaatgctgttttcccggggatcgcagtggtg
agtaaccatgcatcatcaggagtacggataa
aatgcttgatggtcggaagaggcataaattc
cgtcagccagtttagtctgaccatctcatct
gtaacatcattggcaacgctacctttgccat
gtttcagaaacaactctggcgcatcgggctt
cccatacaatcgatagattgtcgcacctgat
tgcccgacattatcgcgagcccatttatacc
catataaatcagcatccatgttggaatttaa
tcgcggcctagagcaagacgtttcccgttga
atatggctcataacaccccttgtattactgt
ttatgtaagcagacagttttattgttcatga
ccaaaatcccttaacgtgagttttcgttcca
ctgagcgtcagaccccgtagaaaagatcaaa
ggatcttcttgagatcctttttttctgcgcg
taatctgctgcttgcaaacaaaaaaaccacc
gctaccagcggtggtttgtttgccggatcaa
gagctaccaactctttttccgaaggtaactg
gcttcagcagagcgcagataccaaatactgt
ccttctagtgtagccgtagttaggccaccac
ttcaagaactctgtagcaccgcctacatacc
tcgctctgctaatcctgttaccagtggctgc
tgccagtggcgataagtcgtgtcttaccggg
ttggactcaagacgatagttaccggataagg
cgcagcggtcgggctgaacggggggttcgtg
cacacagcccagcttggagcgaacgacctac
accgaactgagatacctacagcgtgagctatg
agaaagcgccacgcttcccgaagggagaaa
ggcggacaggtatccggtaagcggcagggtc
ggaacaggagagcgcacgagggagcttcc
agggggaaacgcctggtatctttatagtcctgt
cgggtttcgccacctctgacttgagcgtcga
tttttgtgatgctcgtcaggggggcggagcc
tatggaaaaacgccagcaacgcggccttttt
acggttcctggccttttgctggccttttgct
cacatgttctttcctgcgttatcccctgatt
ctgtggataaccgtattaccgcctttgagtg
agctgataccgctcgccgcagccgaacgacc
gagcgcagcgagtcagtgagcgaggaagc
ggaagagcgcctgatgcggtattttctccttac
gcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcatatat
ggtgcactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgc
cgcatagttaagccagtatacactccgctat
cgctacgtgactgggtcatggctgcgccccg
acacccgccaacacccgctgacgcgccctga
cgggcttgtctgctcccggcatccgcttaca
gacaagctgtgaccgtctccgggagctgcat
gtgtcagaggttttcaccgtcatcaccgaaa
cgcgcgaggcagctgcggtaaagctcatcag
cgtggtcgtgaagcgattcacagatgtctgc
ctgttcatccgcgtccagctcgttgagtttc
tccagaagcgttaatgtctggcttctgataa
agcgggccatgttaagggcggttttttcctg
tttggtcactgatgcctccgtgtaaggggga
tttctgttcatgggggtaatgataccgatga
aacgagagaggatgctcacgatacgggttac
tgatgatgaacatgcccggttactggaacgt
tgtgagggtaaacaactggcggtatggatgc
ggcgggaccagagaaaaatcactcagggtc
aatgccagcgcttcgttaatacagatgtaggt
gttccacagggtagccagcagcatcctgcga
tgcagatccggaacataatggtgcagggcgc
tgacttccgcgtttccagactttacgaaaca
cggaaaccgaagaccattcatgttgttgctc
aggtcgcagacgttttgcagcagcagtcgct
tcacgttcgctcgcgtatcggtgattcattc
tgctaaccagtaaggcaaccccgccagccta
gccgggtcctcaacgacaggagcacgatcat
gcgcacccgtggggccgccatgccggcgata
atggcctgcttctcgccgaaacgtttggtgg
cgggaccagtgacgaaggcttgagcgagggc
gtgcaagattccgaataccgcaagcgacagg
ccgatcatcgtcgcgctccagcgaaagcggt
cctcgccgaaaatgacccagagcgctgccgg
cacctgtcctacgagttgcatgataaagaag
acagtcataagtgcggcgacgatagtcatgc
cccgcgcccaccggaaggagctgactgggtt
gaaggctctcaagggcatcggtcgagatccc
ggtgcctaatgagtgagctaacttacattaa
ttgcgttgcgctcactgcccgctttccagtc
gggaaacctgtcgtgccagctgcattaatga
atcggccaacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgc
gtattgggcgccagggtggtttttcttttca
ccagtgagacgggcaacagctgattgccctt
caccgcctggccctgagagagttgcagcaag
cggtccacgctggtttgccccagcaggcgaa
aatcctgtttgatggtggttaacggcgggat
ataacatgagctgtcttcggtatcgtcgtat
cccactaccgagatatccgcaccaacgcgca
gcccggactcggtaatggcgcgcattgcgcc
cagcgccatctgatcgttggcaaccagcatc
gcagtgggaacgatgccctcattcagcattt
gcatggtttgttgaaaaccggacatggcact
ccagtcgccttcccgttccgctatcggctga
atttgattgcgagtgagatatttatgccagc
cagccagacgcagacgcgccgagacagaa
cttaatgggcccgctaacagcgcgatttgctgg
tgacccaatgcgaccagatgctccacgccca
gtcgcgtaccgtcttcatgggagaaaataat
actgttgatgggtgtctggtcagagacatca
agaaataacgccggaacattagtgcaggcag
cttccacagcaatggcatcctggtcatccag
cggatagttaatgatcagcccactgacgcgt
tgcgcgagaagattgtgcaccgccgctttac
aggcttcgacgccgcttcgttctaccatcga
caccaccacgctggcacccagttgatcggcg
cgagatttaatcgccgcgacaatttgcgacg
gcgcgtgcagggccagactggaggtggcaac
gccaatcagcaacgactgtttgcccgccagt
tgttgtgccacgcggttgggaatgtaattca
gctccgccatcgccgcttccactttttcccg
cgttttcgcagaaacgtggctggcctggttc
accacgcgggaaacggtctgataagagacac
cggcatactctgcgacatcgtataacgttac
tggtttcacattcaccaccctgaattgactc
tcttccgggcgctatcatgccataccgcgaa
aggttttgcgccattcgatggtgtccgggat
ctcgacgctctcccttatgcgactcctgcat
taggaagcagcccagtagtaggttgaggccg
ttgagcaccgccgccgcaaggaatggtgcat
gcaaggagatggcgcccaacagtcccccggc
cacggggcctgccaccatacccacgccgaaa
caagcgctcatgagcccgaagtggcgagccc
gatcttccccatcggtgatgtcggcgatata
ggcgccagcaaccgcacctgtggcgccggtg
atgccggccacgatgcgtccggcgtagagga
tcgagatctcgatcccgcgaaattaatacga
ctcactataggggaattgtgagcggataaca
attcccctctagaaataattttgtttaactt
taagaaggagatataccATGGCCGA
GGACGCAGACATGCGCAATG
AGCTGGAGGAGATGCAGAGG
AGGGCTGACCAGCTGGCTGA
TGAGTCCCTGGAAAGCACCC
GTCGCATGCTGCAGCTGGTT
GAAGAGAGTAAAGATGCTGG
CATCAGGACTTTGGTTATGTT
GGATGAGCAAGGCGAACAAC
TGGAACGCATTGAGGAAGGG
ATGGACCAAATCAATAAGGAC
ATGAAAGAAGCAGAAAAGAAT
TTGACGGACCTAGGAAAATTC
GCCGGCCTTGCCGTGGCCCC
CGCCAACAAGCTTAAATCCAG
TGATGCTTACAAAAAAGCCTG
GGGCAATAATCAGGATGGAGT
AGTGGCCAGCCAGCCTGCCC
GTGTGGTGGATGAACGGGAG
CAGATGGCCATCAGTGGTGGC
TTCATCCGCAGGGTAACAAAT
GATGCCCGGGAAAATGAGATG
GATGAGAACCTGGAGCAGGT
GAGCGGCATCATCGGAAACCT
CCGCCACATGGCTCTAGACAT
GGGCAATGAGATTGACACCCA
GAATCGCCAGATCGACAGGAT
CATGGAGAAGGCTGATTCCAA
CAAAACCAGAATTGATGAAGC
CAACCAACGTGCAACAAAGAT
GCTGGGAAGTGGTTAA
ctcgagcaccaccaccaccaccactgag
atccggctgctaacaaagcccgaaagga
agctgagttggctgctgccaccgctgagc
aataactagcataaccccttggggcctc
taaacgggtcttgaggggttttttgctgaa
aggaggaactatatccggat
Materials for protein purificaiton
2-Mercaptoethanol SIGMA M3148-25ML
Agar LPS Solution AGA500
Ampicillin, Sodium salt PLS AC1043-005-00
Chloramphenicol PLS CR1023-050-00
Competent cells (E. coli) Novagen 70956 Rosetta(DE3)pLysS
Glycerol SIGMA G5516-500ML
HEPES SIGMA H4034-100G
Hydrochloric acid / HCl SIGMA 320331-500ML
Imidazole SIGMA I2399-100G
Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside / IPTG SIGMA 10724815001
Kanamycin Sulfate PLS KC1001-005-02
Luria-Bertani (LB) Broth LPS Solution LB-05
Ni-NTA resin Qiagen 30210
PD MiniTrap G-25 (desalting column) Cytiva GE28-9180-07 For instructions, see: https://www.cytivalifesciences.com/en/us/shop/chromatography/prepacked-columns/desalting-and-buffer-exchange/pd-minitrap-desalting-columns-with-sephadex-g-25-resin-p-06174
Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride / PMSF ThermoFisher Scientific 36978
Plasmids for SNARE proteins cloned in house N/A Available upon request
Protease inhibitor cocktail genDEPOT P3100
Sodium chloride SIGMA S5886-500G
Sodium phosphate dibasic / Na2HPO4 SIGMA S7907-100G
Sodium phosphate monobasic / NaH2PO4 SIGMA S3139-250G
Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine / TCEP SIGMA C4706-2G
Trizma base SIGMA T1503-250G
Materials for sample assembly
Biotin-PEG-SVA LAYSAN BIO BIO-PEG-SVA-5K-100MG & MPEG-SVA-5K-1g For PEGylation
Dibenzocyclooctyne-amine / DBCO-NH2 SIGMA 761540-10MG For bead coating
Double-sided tape 3M 136 For flow cell assembly
Epoxy glue DEVCON S-208 For flow cell assembly
Glass coverslip for bottom surface VWR 48393-251 Rectangular, 60×24 mm, #1.5
Glass coverslip for top surface VWR 48393-241 Rectangular, 50×24 mm, #1.5
Magnetic bead ThermoFisher Scientific 14301 Dynabeads M-270 Epoxy, 2.8 μm
mPEG-SVA LAYSAN BIO mPEG-SVA 1g For PEGylation
N,N-Dimethylformamide / DMF SIGMA D4551-250ML For bead coating
N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine SIGMA 104884-100ML For PEGylation
Neutravidin ThermoFisher Scientific 31000 For sample tethering
Phosphate buffered saline / PBS, pH 7.2 PLS PR2007-100-00
Plastic syringe Norm-ject A5 5 ml, luer tip
Polyethylene Tubing SCI BB31695-PE/4 PE-60
Reference bead SPHEROTECH SVP-30-5 Streptavidin-coated Polystyrene Particles; 3.0-3.4 µm
Syringe needle Kovax 21G-1 1/4'' 21 G
Syringe pump KD SCIENTIFIC 788210
Equipment for magnetic tweezer instrument
1-axis motorized microtranslation stage PI M-126.PD1 For vertical positioning of magnets
2-axis manual translation stage ST1 LEE400 For alignment of magnets to the optical axis
Acrylic holder for magnets DaiKwang Precision custum order Drawing available upon request
Frame grabber Active Silicon AS-FBD-4XCXP6-2PE8
High-speed CMOS camera Mikrotron EoSens 3CXP
Inverted microscope Olympus IX73P2F-1-2
Neodymium magnets LG magnet ND 10x10x12t Dimension: 10 mm × 10 mm × 12 mm; two needed
Objective lens Olympus UPLXAPO100XO Oil-immersion, NA 1.45
Objective lens nanopositioner Mad City Labs Nano-F100S
Rotation stepper motor AUTONICS A3K-S545W For rotating magnets
Superluminescent diode QPHOTONICS QSDM-680-2 680 nm
Software
LabVIEW National Instruments v20.0f1
MATLAB MathWorks v2021a

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Cite This Article
Park, C., Yang, T., Rah, S., Kim, H. G., Yoon, T., Shon, M. J. High-Speed Magnetic Tweezers for Nanomechanical Measurements on Force-Sensitive Elements. J. Vis. Exp. (195), e65137, doi:10.3791/65137 (2023).

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