Summary

Pinzette magnetiche ad alta velocità per misure nanomeccaniche su elementi sensibili alla forza

Published: May 12, 2023
doi:

Summary

Qui, descriviamo una configurazione di pinzette magnetiche ad alta velocità che esegue misurazioni nanomeccaniche su biomolecole sensibili alla forza alla velocità massima di 1,2 kHz. Presentiamo la sua applicazione a forcine di DNA e complessi SNARE come sistemi modello, ma sarà applicabile anche ad altre molecole coinvolte in eventi meccanobiologici.

Abstract

Le pinzette magnetiche a singola molecola (MT) sono servite come potenti strumenti per interrogare con forza le biomolecole, come gli acidi nucleici e le proteine, e sono quindi pronte per essere utili nel campo della meccanobiologia. Poiché il metodo si basa comunemente sul tracciamento basato su immagini delle sfere magnetiche, il limite di velocità nella registrazione e nell’analisi delle immagini, così come le fluttuazioni termiche delle perle, ha a lungo ostacolato la sua applicazione nell’osservazione di piccoli e veloci cambiamenti strutturali nelle molecole bersaglio. Questo articolo descrive metodi dettagliati per la costruzione e il funzionamento di una configurazione MT ad alta risoluzione in grado di risolvere dinamiche su scala nanometrica e millisecondi delle biomolecole e dei loro complessi. Come esempi applicativi, vengono dimostrati esperimenti con forcine di DNA e complessi SNARE (meccanismo di fusione a membrana), concentrandosi su come i loro stati transitori e transizioni possono essere rilevati in presenza di forze su scala piconewton. Ci aspettiamo che le MT ad alta velocità continueranno a consentire misurazioni nanomeccaniche ad alta precisione su molecole che rilevano, trasmettono e generano forze nelle cellule, e quindi approfondiscono la nostra comprensione a livello molecolare della meccanobiologia.

Introduction

Le cellule percepiscono attivamente e rispondono agli stimoli meccanici. In tal modo, molte biomolecole mostrano proprietà dipendenti dalla forza che consentono cambiamenti strutturali dinamici. Esempi ben apprezzati includono canali ionici meccanosensibili ed elementi citoscheletrici che forniscono alle cellule informazioni meccaniche chiave dall’ambiente circostante.

Inoltre, le molecole che mostrano una natura portante unica possono anche essere considerate meccanosensibili in un senso più ampio. Ad esempio, la formazione locale e la fusione di duplex di acidi nucleici, così come strutture di ordine superiore come i G-quadruplex, svolgono ruoli cruciali nella replicazione, nella trascrizione, nella ricombinazione e, più recentemente, nell’editing del genoma. Inoltre, alcune proteine neuronali coinvolte nelle comunicazioni sinaptiche svolgono le loro funzioni generando forze fisiche che superano i livelli delle tipiche interazioni intermolecolari. Indipendentemente dall’esempio studiato, lo studio della nanomeccanica delle biomolecole coinvolte con elevata precisione spaziotemporale si rivelerà molto utile per rivelare i meccanismi molecolari dei processi meccanobiologici associati 1,2,3.

I metodi di spettroscopia di forza a singola molecola sono serviti come potenti strumenti per esaminare le proprietà meccaniche delle biomolecole 2,4,5,6. Possono monitorare i cambiamenti strutturali negli acidi nucleici e nelle proteine in concomitanza con l’applicazione della forza, esaminando così le proprietà dipendenti dalla forza. Due configurazioni ben note sono le pinzette ottiche e le pinzette magnetiche (MT), che impiegano perline di dimensioni micron per manipolare le molecole 5,6,7,8. In queste piattaforme, il polistirene (per le pinzette ottiche) o le perle magnetiche (per le MT) sono legati alle molecole bersaglio (ad esempio, acidi nucleici e proteine) tramite “maniglie” molecolari, tipicamente costituite da brevi frammenti di DNA a doppio filamento (dsDNA). Le perle vengono quindi spostate per esercitare forza e visualizzate per tracciare le loro posizioni che riportano i cambiamenti strutturali nelle molecole bersaglio. Le pinzette ottiche e magnetiche sono in gran parte intercambiabili nelle loro applicazioni, ma esistono importanti differenze nei loro approcci al controllo della forza. Le pinzette ottiche sono strumenti intrinsecamente posizionati che intrappolano le perline in posizione, a causa delle quali la forza applicata fluttua quando un costrutto bersaglio subisce cambiamenti di forma; L’aumento dell’estensione, ad esempio dall’apertura, allenta il cavo e riduce la tensione e viceversa. Sebbene il feedback attivo possa essere implementato per controllare la forza nelle pinzette ottiche, gli MT al contrario funzionano naturalmente come un dispositivo di morsetto, sfruttando le forze magnetiche stabili e a campo lontano da magneti permanenti, che possono anche resistere alle perturbazioni ambientali.

Nonostante la loro lunga storia e il design semplice, le MT sono rimaste indietro rispetto alle pinzette ottiche nelle loro applicazioni a misurazioni ad alta precisione, in gran parte a causa delle sfide tecniche nel tracciamento rapido delle perline. Recentemente, tuttavia, diversi gruppi hanno condotto congiuntamente un miglioramento multiforme sia dell’hardware che del software per gli strumenti MT 2,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 . In questo lavoro, presentiamo un esempio di tale configurazione in esecuzione a 1,2 kHz e descriviamo come usarla per eseguire misurazioni nanomeccaniche su biomolecole sensibili alla forza. Come sistemi modello, utilizziamo forcine di DNA e complessi SNARE neuronali ed esaminiamo i loro rapidi cambiamenti strutturali nel regime di Piconewton. Le forcine per capelli in DNA mostrano semplici transizioni a due stati in un intervallo di forza ben definito20,21, e quindi servono come modelli giocattolo per verificare le prestazioni di una configurazione pinzetta. Poiché le proteine SNARE si assemblano in un complesso sensibile alla forza che guida la fusione di membrana22, sono state anche ampiamente studiate mediante spettroscopia di forza a singola molecola 14,23,24,25. Vengono presentati approcci standard per l’analisi dei dati e l’estrazione di informazioni utili sulla termodinamica e sulla cinetica. Speriamo che questo articolo possa facilitare l’adozione di MT ad alta precisione negli studi meccanobiologici e motivare i lettori a esplorare i propri sistemi di interesse sensibili alla forza.

Protocol

Tutti i materiali e le attrezzature descritti in questo protocollo sono elencati nella tabella dei materiali. Il software LabVIEW per gestire la configurazione MT ad alta velocità descritta di seguito, così come gli script MATLAB per analizzare i dati di esempio, sono depositati su GitHub (https://github.com/ShonLab/Magnetic-Tweezers) e disponibili pubblicamente. 1. Costruzione di apparecchi NOTA: Il principio generale della costruz…

Representative Results

Calibrazione della forzaI risultati dei due metodi di misurazione della forza (varianza dello spostamento laterale delle perle e analisi dello spettro di potenza) differivano di 0-2 pN (Figura 2G). Secondo i risultati della Figura 2F, possiamo raggiungere in modo affidabile fino a 30 pN con magneti al neodimio regolari. Transizioni a due stati di una forcina di DNA da 8 bpPer prima cosa abbiam…

Discussion

In questo lavoro, abbiamo introdotto una configurazione di spettroscopia di forza a singola molecola in grado di osservare i cambiamenti strutturali delle biomolecole ad alta precisione spaziotemporale. La telecamera CMOS ad alta velocità utilizzata acquisisce 1.200 fotogrammi s-1 con risoluzione 1.280 x 1.024, consentendo il tracciamento delle perline a 1,2 kHz. Tuttavia, la velocità delle misurazioni è attualmente limitata dal software di tracciamento delle perline, quindi il ROI è in genere ridotto ad a…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dalla sovvenzione della National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) finanziata dal governo coreano (MSIT) (NRF-2022R1C1C1012176, NRF-2021R1A4A1031754 e NRF- 2021R1A6A1A10042944). S.-H.R. è stato sostenuto dalla sovvenzione NRF (2021R1C1C2009717).

Materials

Materials for construct synthesis
Agarose gel electrophoresis system Advance Mupid-2plus
DNA ladder Bioneer D-1037
nTaq polymerase Enzynomics P050A
PCR purification kit LaboPass CMR0112
PEGylated SMCC crosslinker / SM(PEG)2 ThermoFisher Scientific 22102 For SNARE–DNA coupling
Primer B Bioneer 5'-Biotin/TCGCCACCATCATTTCCA-3' For 5-kbp force calibration construct and DNA handles
Primer B_hp IDT 5'-Biotin/TTTTTTTTTTGTTCTCTATTT
TTTTAGAGAAC /AP site/ /AP site/ TCGCCACCATCATTTCCA-3'
For hairpin construct
Primer N Bioneer 5'-C6Amine/CATGTGGGTGACGCGAAA-3' For DNA handles
Primer Z Bioneer 5'-Azide/TCGCCACCATCATTTCCA-3' For DNA handles
Primer Z_5k Bioneer 5'-Azide/TTAGAGAGTATGGGTATATGACA
TCG-3'
For 5-kbp force calibration construct
Primer Z_hp Bioneer 5'-Azide/GTGGCAGCATGACACC-3' For hairpin construct
SYBR Safe DNA Gel Stain ThermoFisher Scientific S33102
λ-DNA Bioneer D-2510 Template strand for PCR
DNA sequences for SNARE proteins
6×His-tagged SNAP-25b (2-206; capitalized) in pET28a homemade tggcgaatgggacgcgccctgtagcggcgca
ttaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgca
gcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagc
gcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttccttt
ctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaag
ctctaaatcgggggctccctttagggttccg
atttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccccaaa
aaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtg
ggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccc
tttgacgttggagtccacgttctttaatagt
ggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactca
accctatctcggtctattcttttgatttata
agggattttgccgatttcggcctattggtta
aaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacg
cgaattttaacaaaatattaacgtttacaat
ttcaggtggcacttttcggggaaatgtgcgc
ggaacccctatttgtttatttttctaaatac
attcaaatatgtatccgctcatgaattaatt
cttagaaaaactcatcgagcatcaaatgaaa
ctgcaatttattcatatcaggattatcaata
ccatatttttgaaaaagccgtttctgtaatg
aaggagaaaactcaccgaggcagttccatag
gatggcaagatcctggtatcggtctgcgatt
ccgactcgtccaacatcaatacaacctatta
atttcccctcgtcaaaaataaggttatcaag
tgagaaatcaccatgagtgacgactgaatcc
ggtgagaatggcaaaagtttatgcatttctt
tccagacttgttcaacaggccagccattacg
ctcgtcatcaaaatcactcgcatcaaccaaa
ccgttattcattcgtgattgcgcctgagcga
gacgaaatacgcgatcgctgttaaaaggaca
attacaaacaggaatcgaatgcaaccggcgc
aggaacactgccagcgcatcaacaatatttt
cacctgaatcaggatattcttctaatacctg
gaatgctgttttcccggggatcgcagtggtg
agtaaccatgcatcatcaggagtacggataa
aatgcttgatggtcggaagaggcataaattc
cgtcagccagtttagtctgaccatctcatct
gtaacatcattggcaacgctacctttgccat
gtttcagaaacaactctggcgcatcgggctt
cccatacaatcgatagattgtcgcacctgat
tgcccgacattatcgcgagcccatttatacc
catataaatcagcatccatgttggaatttaa
tcgcggcctagagcaagacgtttcccgttga
atatggctcataacaccccttgtattactgt
ttatgtaagcagacagttttattgttcatga
ccaaaatcccttaacgtgagttttcgttcca
ctgagcgtcagaccccgtagaaaagatcaaa
ggatcttcttgagatcctttttttctgcgcg
taatctgctgcttgcaaacaaaaaaaccacc
gctaccagcggtggtttgtttgccggatcaa
gagctaccaactctttttccgaaggtaactg
gcttcagcagagcgcagataccaaatactgt
ccttctagtgtagccgtagttaggccaccac
ttcaagaactctgtagcaccgcctacatacc
tcgctctgctaatcctgttaccagtggctgc
tgccagtggcgataagtcgtgtcttaccggg
ttggactcaagacgatagttaccggataagg
cgcagcggtcgggctgaacggggggttcgtg
cacacagcccagcttggagcgaacgacctac
accgaactgagatacctacagcgtgagctat
gagaaagcgccacgcttcccgaagggagaaa
ggcggacaggtatccggtaagcggcagggtc
ggaacaggagagcgcacgagggagcttcca
gggggaaacgcctggtatctttatagtcctgt
cgggtttcgccacctctgacttgagcgtcga
tttttgtgatgctcgtcaggggggcggagcc
tatggaaaaacgccagcaacgcggccttttt
acggttcctggccttttgctggccttttgct
cacatgttctttcctgcgttatcccctgatt
ctgtggataaccgtattaccgcctttgagtg
agctgataccgctcgccgcagccgaacgacc
gagcgcagcgagtcagtgagcgaggaagcgg
aagagcgcctgatgcggtattttctccttac
gcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcatatat
ggtgcactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgc
cgcatagttaagccagtatacactccgctat
cgctacgtgactgggtcatggctgcgccccg
acacccgccaacacccgctgacgcgccctga
cgggcttgtctgctcccggcatccgcttaca
gacaagctgtgaccgtctccgggagctgcat
gtgtcagaggttttcaccgtcatcaccgaaa
cgcgcgaggcagctgcggtaaagctcatcag
cgtggtcgtgaagcgattcacagatgtctgc
ctgttcatccgcgtccagctcgttgagtttc
tccagaagcgttaatgtctggcttctgataa
agcgggccatgttaagggcggttttttcctg
tttggtcactgatgcctccgtgtaaggggga
tttctgttcatgggggtaatgataccgatga
aacgagagaggatgctcacgatacgggttac
tgatgatgaacatgcccggttactggaacgt
tgtgagggtaaacaactggcggtatggatgc
ggcgggaccagagaaaaatcactcagggtc
aatgccagcgcttcgttaatacagatgtaggt
gttccacagggtagccagcagcatcctgcga
tgcagatccggaacataatggtgcagggcgc
tgacttccgcgtttccagactttacgaaaca
cggaaaccgaagaccattcatgttgttgctc
aggtcgcagacgttttgcagcagcagtcgct
tcacgttcgctcgcgtatcggtgattcattc
tgctaaccagtaaggcaaccccgccagccta
gccgggtcctcaacgacaggagcacgatcat
gcgcacccgtggggccgccatgccggcgata
atggcctgcttctcgccgaaacgtttggtgg
cgggaccagtgacgaaggcttgagcgagggc
gtgcaagattccgaataccgcaagcgacagg
ccgatcatcgtcgcgctccagcgaaagcggt
cctcgccgaaaatgacccagagcgctgccgg
cacctgtcctacgagttgcatgataaagaag
acagtcataagtgcggcgacgatagtcatgc
cccgcgcccaccggaaggagctgactgggtt
gaaggctctcaagggcatcggtcgagatccc
ggtgcctaatgagtgagctaacttacattaa
ttgcgttgcgctcactgcccgctttccagtc
gggaaacctgtcgtgccagctgcattaatga
atcggccaacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgc
gtattgggcgccagggtggtttttcttttca
ccagtgagacgggcaacagctgattgccctt
caccgcctggccctgagagagttgcagcaag
cggtccacgctggtttgccccagcaggcgaa
aatcctgtttgatggtggttaacggcgggat
ataacatgagctgtcttcggtatcgtcgtat
cccactaccgagatatccgcaccaacgcgca
gcccggactcggtaatggcgcgcattgcgcc
cagcgccatctgatcgttggcaaccagcatc
gcagtgggaacgatgccctcattcagcattt
gcatggtttgttgaaaaccggacatggcact
ccagtcgccttcccgttccgctatcggctga
atttgattgcgagtgagatatttatgccagc
cagccagacgcagacgcgccgagacagaa
cttaatgggcccgctaacagcgcgatttgctgg
tgacccaatgcgaccagatgctccacgccca
gtcgcgtaccgtcttcatgggagaaaataat
actgttgatgggtgtctggtcagagacatca
agaaataacgccggaacattagtgcaggcag
cttccacagcaatggcatcctggtcatccag
cggatagttaatgatcagcccactgacgcgt
tgcgcgagaagattgtgcaccgccgctttac
aggcttcgacgccgcttcgttctaccatcga
caccaccacgctggcacccagttgatcggcg
cgagatttaatcgccgcgacaatttgcgacg
gcgcgtgcagggccagactggaggtggcaac
gccaatcagcaacgactgtttgcccgccagt
tgttgtgccacgcggttgggaatgtaattca
gctccgccatcgccgcttccactttttcccg
cgttttcgcagaaacgtggctggcctggttc
accacgcgggaaacggtctgataagagacac
cggcatactctgcgacatcgtataacgttac
tggtttcacattcaccaccctgaattgactc
tcttccgggcgctatcatgccataccgcgaa
aggttttgcgccattcgatggtgtccgggat
ctcgacgctctcccttatgcgactcctgcat
taggaagcagcccagtagtaggttgaggccg
ttgagcaccgccgccgcaaggaatggtgcat
gcaaggagatggcgcccaacagtcccccggc
cacggggcctgccaccatacccacgccgaaa
caagcgctcatgagcccgaagtggcgagccc
gatcttccccatcggtgatgtcggcgatata
ggcgccagcaaccgcacctgtggcgccggtg
atgccggccacgatgcgtccggcgtagagga
tcgagatctcgatcccgcgaaattaatacga
ctcactataggggaattgtgagcggataaca
attcccctctagaaataattttgtttaactt
taagaaggagatataccATGGGCAGC
AGCCATCATCATCATCATCACA
GCAGCGGCCTGGTGCCGCGC
GGCAGCCATACTAGCGGAGAT
ATCGCCGAGGACGCAGACAT
GCGCAATGAGCTGGAGGAGA
TGCAGAGGAGGGCTGACCAG
CTGGCTGATGAGTCCCTGGA
AAGCACCCGTCGCATGCTGC
AGCTGGTTGAAGAGAGTAAA
GATGCTGGCATCAGGACTTT
GGTTATGTTGGATGAGCAAG
GCGAACAACTGGAACGCATT
GAGGAAGGGATGGACCAAAT
CAATAAGGACATGAAAGAAG
CAGAAAAGAATTTGACGGAC
CTAGGAAAATTCGCCGGCCT
TGCCGTGGCCCCCGCCAAC
AAGCTTAAATCCAGTGATGC
TTACAAAAAAGCCTGGGGC
AATAATCAGGATGGAGTAGT
GGCCAGCCAGCCTGCCCG
TGTGGTGGATGAACGGGAG
CAGATGGCCATCAGTGGTG
GCTTCATCCGCAGGGTAAC
AAATGATGCCCGGGAAAAT
GAGATGGATGAGAACCTG
GAGCAGGTGAGCGGCATC
ATCGGAAACCTCCGCCAC
ATGGCTCTAGACATGGGCA
ATGAGATTGACACCCAGA
ATCGCCAGATCGACAGGA
TCATGGAGAAGGCTGATT
CCAACAAAACCAGAATTG
ATGAAGCCAACCAACGTG
CAACAAAGATGCTGGGAA
GTGGTTAAggatccgaattcgag
ctccgtcgacaagcttgcggccgcactc
gagcaccaccaccaccaccactgagat
ccggctgctaacaaagcccgaaagga
agctgagttggctgctgccaccgctgag
caataactagcataaccccttggggcct
ctaaacgggtcttgaggggttttttgctga
aaggaggaactatatccggat
6×His-tagged VAMP2 (2-97, L32C/I97C; capitalized) in pET28a homemade tggcgaatgggacgcgccctgtagcggcgca
ttaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgca
gcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagc
gcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttccttt
ctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaag
ctctaaatcgggggctccctttagggttccg
atttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccccaaa
aaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtg
ggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccc
tttgacgttggagtccacgttctttaatagt
ggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactca
accctatctcggtctattcttttgatttata
agggattttgccgatttcggcctattggtta
aaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacg
cgaattttaacaaaatattaacgtttacaat
ttcaggtggcacttttcggggaaatgtgcgc
ggaacccctatttgtttatttttctaaatac
attcaaatatgtatccgctcatgaattaatt
cttagaaaaactcatcgagcatcaaatgaaa
ctgcaatttattcatatcaggattatcaata
ccatatttttgaaaaagccgtttctgtaatg
aaggagaaaactcaccgaggcagttccatag
gatggcaagatcctggtatcggtctgcgatt
ccgactcgtccaacatcaatacaacctatta
atttcccctcgtcaaaaataaggttatcaag
tgagaaatcaccatgagtgacgactgaatcc
ggtgagaatggcaaaagtttatgcatttctt
tccagacttgttcaacaggccagccattacg
ctcgtcatcaaaatcactcgcatcaaccaaa
ccgttattcattcgtgattgcgcctgagcga
gacgaaatacgcgatcgctgttaaaaggaca
attacaaacaggaatcgaatgcaaccggcgc
aggaacactgccagcgcatcaacaatatttt
cacctgaatcaggatattcttctaatacctg
gaatgctgttttcccggggatcgcagtggtg
agtaaccatgcatcatcaggagtacggataa
aatgcttgatggtcggaagaggcataaattc
cgtcagccagtttagtctgaccatctcatct
gtaacatcattggcaacgctacctttgccat
gtttcagaaacaactctggcgcatcgggctt
cccatacaatcgatagattgtcgcacctgat
tgcccgacattatcgcgagcccatttatacc
catataaatcagcatccatgttggaatttaa
tcgcggcctagagcaagacgtttcccgttga
atatggctcataacaccccttgtattactgt
ttatgtaagcagacagttttattgttcatga
ccaaaatcccttaacgtgagttttcgttcca
ctgagcgtcagaccccgtagaaaagatcaaa
ggatcttcttgagatcctttttttctgcgcg
taatctgctgcttgcaaacaaaaaaaccacc
gctaccagcggtggtttgtttgccggatcaa
gagctaccaactctttttccgaaggtaactg
gcttcagcagagcgcagataccaaatactgt
ccttctagtgtagccgtagttaggccaccac
ttcaagaactctgtagcaccgcctacatacc
tcgctctgctaatcctgttaccagtggctgc
tgccagtggcgataagtcgtgtcttaccggg
ttggactcaagacgatagttaccggataagg
cgcagcggtcgggctgaacggggggttcgtg
cacacagcccagcttggagcgaacgacctac
accgaactgagatacctacagcgtgagctatg
agaaagcgccacgcttcccgaagggagaaa
ggcggacaggtatccggtaagcggcagggtc
ggaacaggagagcgcacgagggagcttcca
gggggaaacgcctggtatctttatagtcctgt
cgggtttcgccacctctgacttgagcgtcga
tttttgtgatgctcgtcaggggggcggagcc
tatggaaaaacgccagcaacgcggccttttt
acggttcctggccttttgctggccttttgct
cacatgttctttcctgcgttatcccctgatt
ctgtggataaccgtattaccgcctttgagtg
agctgataccgctcgccgcagccgaacgacc
gagcgcagcgagtcagtgagcgaggaagc
ggaagagcgcctgatgcggtattttctccttac
gcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcatatat
ggtgcactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgc
cgcatagttaagccagtatacactccgctat
cgctacgtgactgggtcatggctgcgccccg
acacccgccaacacccgctgacgcgccctga
cgggcttgtctgctcccggcatccgcttaca
gacaagctgtgaccgtctccgggagctgcat
gtgtcagaggttttcaccgtcatcaccgaaa
cgcgcgaggcagctgcggtaaagctcatcag
cgtggtcgtgaagcgattcacagatgtctgc
ctgttcatccgcgtccagctcgttgagtttc
tccagaagcgttaatgtctggcttctgataa
agcgggccatgttaagggcggttttttcctg
tttggtcactgatgcctccgtgtaaggggga
tttctgttcatgggggtaatgataccgatga
aacgagagaggatgctcacgatacgggttac
tgatgatgaacatgcccggttactggaacgt
tgtgagggtaaacaactggcggtatggatgc
ggcgggaccagagaaaaatcactcagggtc
aatgccagcgcttcgttaatacagatgtaggt
gttccacagggtagccagcagcatcctgcga
tgcagatccggaacataatggtgcagggcgc
tgacttccgcgtttccagactttacgaaaca
cggaaaccgaagaccattcatgttgttgctc
aggtcgcagacgttttgcagcagcagtcgct
tcacgttcgctcgcgtatcggtgattcattc
tgctaaccagtaaggcaaccccgccagccta
gccgggtcctcaacgacaggagcacgatcat
gcgcacccgtggggccgccatgccggcgata
atggcctgcttctcgccgaaacgtttggtgg
cgggaccagtgacgaaggcttgagcgagggc
gtgcaagattccgaataccgcaagcgacagg
ccgatcatcgtcgcgctccagcgaaagcggt
cctcgccgaaaatgacccagagcgctgccgg
cacctgtcctacgagttgcatgataaagaag
acagtcataagtgcggcgacgatagtcatgc
cccgcgcccaccggaaggagctgactgggtt
gaaggctctcaagggcatcggtcgagatccc
ggtgcctaatgagtgagctaacttacattaa
ttgcgttgcgctcactgcccgctttccagtc
gggaaacctgtcgtgccagctgcattaatga
atcggccaacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgc
gtattgggcgccagggtggtttttcttttca
ccagtgagacgggcaacagctgattgccctt
caccgcctggccctgagagagttgcagcaag
cggtccacgctggtttgccccagcaggcgaa
aatcctgtttgatggtggttaacggcgggat
ataacatgagctgtcttcggtatcgtcgtat
cccactaccgagatatccgcaccaacgcgca
gcccggactcggtaatggcgcgcattgcgcc
cagcgccatctgatcgttggcaaccagcatc
gcagtgggaacgatgccctcattcagcattt
gcatggtttgttgaaaaccggacatggcact
ccagtcgccttcccgttccgctatcggctga
atttgattgcgagtgagatatttatgccagc
cagccagacgcagacgcgccgagacagaa
cttaatgggcccgctaacagcgcgatttgctgg
tgacccaatgcgaccagatgctccacgccca
gtcgcgtaccgtcttcatgggagaaaataat
actgttgatgggtgtctggtcagagacatca
agaaataacgccggaacattagtgcaggcag
cttccacagcaatggcatcctggtcatccag
cggatagttaatgatcagcccactgacgcgt
tgcgcgagaagattgtgcaccgccgctttac
aggcttcgacgccgcttcgttctaccatcga
caccaccacgctggcacccagttgatcggcg
cgagatttaatcgccgcgacaatttgcgacg
gcgcgtgcagggccagactggaggtggcaac
gccaatcagcaacgactgtttgcccgccagt
tgttgtgccacgcggttgggaatgtaattca
gctccgccatcgccgcttccactttttcccg
cgttttcgcagaaacgtggctggcctggttc
accacgcgggaaacggtctgataagagacac
cggcatactctgcgacatcgtataacgttac
tggtttcacattcaccaccctgaattgactc
tcttccgggcgctatcatgccataccgcgaa
aggttttgcgccattcgatggtgtccgggat
ctcgacgctctcccttatgcgactcctgcat
taggaagcagcccagtagtaggttgaggccg
ttgagcaccgccgccgcaaggaatggtgcat
gcaaggagatggcgcccaacagtcccccggc
cacggggcctgccaccatacccacgccgaaa
caagcgctcatgagcccgaagtggcgagccc
gatcttccccatcggtgatgtcggcgatata
ggcgccagcaaccgcacctgtggcgccggtg
atgccggccacgatgcgtccggcgtagagga
tcgagatctcgatcccgcgaaattaatacga
ctcactataggggaattgtgagcggataaca
attcccctctagaaataattttgtttaactt
taagaaggagatataccATGGGCAGC
AGCCATCATCATCATCATCAC
AGCAGCGGCCTGGTGCCGC
GCGGCAGCCATATGGCAGAT
CTCTCGGCTACCGCTGCCAC
CGTCCCGCCTGCCGCCCCG
GCCGGCGAGGGTGGCCCCC
CTGCACCTCCTCCAAATCTTA
CCAGTAACAGGAGATGCCAG
CAGACCCAGGCCCAGGTGG
ATGAGGTGGTGGACATCATG
AGGGTGAATGTGGACAAGGT
CCTGGAGCGAGACCAGAAG
CTATCGGAACTGGATGATCG
CGCAGATGCCCTCCAGGCA
GGGGCCTCCCAGTTTGAAA
CAAGTGCAGCCAAGCTCAA
GCGCAAATACTGGTGGAAA
AACCTCAAGATGATGTGCTA
Aggatccgaattcgagctccgtcg
acaagcttgcggccgcactcgagcaccacca
ccaccaccactgagatccggctgctaacaaa
gcccgaaaggaagctgagttggctgctgcca
ccgctgagcaataactagcataaccccttgg
ggcctctaaacgggtcttgaggggttttttg
ctgaaaggaggaactatatccggat
6×His-tagged ΔN-VAMP2 (49–96; capitalized) and Syntaxin-1A (191–267, I202C/I266C; capitalized) in pETDuet-1 homemade ggggaattgtgagcggataacaattcccctc
tagaaataattttgtttaactttaagaagga
gatataccATGGGCAGCAGCCATCA
TCATCATCATCACAGCAGCGG
CCTGGAAGTTCTGTTCCAGGG
GCCCGGTAATGTGGACAAGGT
CCTGGAGCGAGACCAGAAGCT
ATCGGAACTGGATGATCGCGC
AGATGCCCTCCAGGCAGGGGC
CTCCCAGTTTGAAACAAGTGC
AGCCAAGCTCAAGCGCAAATAC
TGGTGGAAAAACCTCAAGATGAT
GTAAgcggccgcataatgcttaagtcgaaca
gaaagtaatcgtattgtacacggccgcataa
tcgaaattaatacgactcactataggggaat
tgtgagcggataacaattccccatcttagta
tattagttaagtataagaaggagatatacat
ATGGCCCTCAGTGAGATCGAGA
CCAGGCACAGTGAGTGCATC
AAGTTGGAGAACAGCATCCG
GGAGCTACACGATATGTTCAT
GGACATGGCCATGCTGGTGG
AGAGCCAGGGGGAGATGATT
GACAGGATCGAGTACAATGTG
GAACACGCTGTGGACTACGTG
GAGAGGGCCGTGTCTGACACC
AAGAAGGCCGTCAAGTACCAG
AGCAAGGCACGCAGGAAGAA
GTGCATGATCTAActcgagtc
tggtaaagaaaccgctgctgcgaaatttgaa
cgccagcacatggactcgtctactagcgcag
cttaattaacctaggctgctgccaccgctga
gcaataactagcataaccccttggggcctct
aaacgggtcttgaggggttttttgctgaaag
gaggaactatatccggattggcgaatgggac
gcgccctgtagcggcgcattaagcgcggcgg
gtgtggtggttacgcgcagcgtgaccgctac
acttgccagcgccctagcgcccgctcctttc
gctttcttcccttcctttctcgccacgttcg
ccggctttccccgtcaagctctaaatcgggg
gctccctttagggttccgatttagtgcttta
cggcacctcgaccccaaaaaacttgattagg
gtgatggttcacgtagtgggccatcgccctg
atagacggtttttcgccctttgacgttggag
tccacgttctttaatagtggactcttgttcc
aaactggaacaacactcaaccctatctcggt
ctattcttttgatttataagggattttgccg
atttcggcctattggttaaaaaatgagctga
tttaacaaaaatttaacgcgaattttaacaa
aatattaacgtttacaatttctggcggcacg
atggcatgagattatcaaaaaggatcttcac
ctagatccttttaaattaaaaatgaagtttt
aaatcaatctaaagtatatatgagtaaactt
ggtctgacagttaccaatgcttaatcagtga
ggcacctatctcagcgatctgtctatttcgt
tcatccatagttgcctgactccccgtcgtgt
agataactacgatacgggagggcttaccatc
tggccccagtgctgcaatgataccgcgagac
ccacgctcaccggctccagatttatcagcaa
taaaccagccagccggaagggccgagcgca
gaagtggtcctgcaactttatccgcctccatc
cagtctattaattgttgccgggaagctagag
taagtagttcgccagttaatagtttgcgcaa
cgttgttgccattgctacaggcatcgtggtg
tcacgctcgtcgtttggtatggcttcattca
gctccggttcccaacgatcaaggcgagttac
atgatcccccatgttgtgcaaaaaagcggtt
agctccttcggtcctccgatcgttgtcagaa
gtaagttggccgcagtgttatcactcatggt
tatggcagcactgcataattctcttactgtc
atgccatccgtaagatgcttttctgtgactg
gtgagtactcaaccaagtcattctgagaata
gtgtatgcggcgaccgagttgctcttgcccg
gcgtcaatacgggataataccgcgccacata
gcagaactttaaaagtgctcatcattggaaa
acgttcttcggggcgaaaactctcaaggatc
ttaccgctgttgagatccagttcgatgtaac
ccactcgtgcacccaactgatcttcagcatc
ttttactttcaccagcgtttctgggtgagcaaa
aacaggaaggcaaaatgccgcaaaaaagg
gaataagggcgacacggaaatgttgaatact
catactcttcctttttcaatcatgattgaag
catttatcagggttattgtctcatgagcgga
tacatatttgaatgtatttagaaaaataaac
aaataggtcatgaccaaaatcccttaacgtg
agttttcgttccactgagcgtcagaccccgt
agaaaagatcaaaggatcttcttgagatcct
ttttttctgcgcgtaatctgctgcttgcaaa
caaaaaaaccaccgctaccagcggtggtttg
tttgccggatcaagagctaccaactcttttt
ccgaaggtaactggcttcagcagagcgcaga
taccaaatactgtccttctagtgtagccgta
gttaggccaccacttcaagaactctgtagca
ccgcctacatacctcgctctgctaatcctgt
taccagtggctgctgccagtggcgataagtc
gtgtcttaccgggttggactcaagacgatag
ttaccggataaggcgcagcggtcgggctgaa
cggggggttcgtgcacacagcccagcttgga
gcgaacgacctacaccgaactgagataccta
cagcgtgagctatgagaaagcgccacgcttccc
gaagggagaaaggcggacaggtatccggta
agcggcagggtcggaacaggagagcgcac
gagggagcttccagggggaaacgcctggtatc
tttatagtcctgtcgggtttcgccacctctg
acttgagcgtcgatttttgtgatgctcgtca
ggggggcggagcctatggaaaaacgccagc
aacgcggcctttttacggttcctggccttttg
ctggccttttgctcacatgttctttcctgcg
ttatcccctgattctgtggataaccgtatta
ccgcctttgagtgagctgataccgctcgccgc
agccgaacgaccgagcgcagcgagtcagtg
agcgaggaagcggaagagcgcctgatgcgg
tattttctccttacgcatctgtgcggtatttc
acaccgcatatatggtgcactctcagtacaa
tctgctctgatgccgcatagttaagccagta
tacactccgctatcgctacgtgactgggtca
tggctgcgccccgacacccgccaacacccgc
tgacgcgccctgacgggcttgtctgctcccg
gcatccgcttacagacaagctgtgaccgtct
ccgggagctgcatgtgtcagaggttttcacc
gtcatcaccgaaacgcgcgaggcagctgcgg
taaagctcatcagcgtggtcgtgaagcgatt
cacagatgtctgcctgttcatccgcgtccag
ctcgttgagtttctccagaagcgttaatgtc
tggcttctgataaagcgggccatgttaaggg
cggttttttcctgtttggtcactgatgcctc
cgtgtaagggggatttctgttcatgggggta
atgataccgatgaaacgagagaggatgctca
cgatacgggttactgatgatgaacatgcccg
gttactggaacgttgtgagggtaaacaactg
gcggtatggatgcggcgggaccagagaaaaa
tcactcagggtcaatgccagcgcttcgttaa
tacagatgtaggtgttccacagggtagccag
cagcatcctgcgatgcagatccggaacataa
tggtgcagggcgctgacttccgcgtttccag
actttacgaaacacggaaaccgaagaccatt
catgttgttgctcaggtcgcagacgttttgc
agcagcagtcgcttcacgttcgctcgcgtat
cggtgattcattctgctaaccagtaaggcaa
ccccgccagcctagccgggtcctcaacgaca
ggagcacgatcatgctagtcatgccccgcgc
ccaccggaaggagctgactgggttgaaggct
ctcaagggcatcggtcgagatcccggtgcct
aatgagtgagctaacttacattaattgcgtt
gcgctcactgcccgctttccagtcgggaaac
ctgtcgtgccagctgcattaatgaatcggcc
aacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgcgtattgg
gcgccagggtggtttttcttttcaccagtga
gacgggcaacagctgattgcccttcaccgcc
tggccctgagagagttgcagcaagcggtcca
cgctggtttgccccagcaggcgaaaatcctg
tttgatggtggttaacggcgggatataacat
gagctgtcttcggtatcgtcgtatcccacta
ccgagatgtccgcaccaacgcgcagcccgga
ctcggtaatggcgcgcattgcgcccagcgcc
atctgatcgttggcaaccagcatcgcagtgg
gaacgatgccctcattcagcatttgcatggt
ttgttgaaaaccggacatggcactccagtcg
ccttcccgttccgctatcggctgaatttgat
tgcgagtgagatatttatgccagccagccag
acgcagacgcgccgagacagaacttaatggg
cccgctaacagcgcgatttgctggtgaccca
atgcgaccagatgctccacgcccagtcgcgt
accgtcttcatgggagaaaataatactgttg
atgggtgtctggtcagagacatcaagaaata
acgccggaacattagtgcaggcagcttccac
agcaatggcatcctggtcatccagcggatag
ttaatgatcagcccactgacgcgttgcgcga
gaagattgtgcaccgccgctttacaggcttc
gacgccgcttcgttctaccatcgacaccacc
acgctggcacccagttgatcggcgcgagatt
taatcgccgcgacaatttgcgacggcgcgtg
cagggccagactggaggtggcaacgccaatc
agcaacgactgtttgcccgccagttgttgtg
ccacgcggttgggaatgtaattcagctccgc
catcgccgcttccactttttcccgcgttttc
gcagaaacgtggctggcctggttcaccacgc
gggaaacggtctgataagagacaccggcata
ctctgcgacatcgtataacgttactggtttc
acattcaccaccctgaattgactctcttccg
ggcgctatcatgccataccgcgaaaggtttt
gcgccattcgatggtgtccgggatctcgacg
ctctcccttatgcgactcctgcattaggaag
cagcccagtagtaggttgaggccgttgagca
ccgccgccgcaaggaatggtgcatgcaagga
gatggcgcccaacagtcccccggccacgggg
cctgccaccatacccacgccgaaacaagcgc
tcatgagcccgaagtggcgagcccgatcttc
cccatcggtgatgtcggcgatataggcgcca
gcaaccgcacctgtggcgccggtgatgccgg
ccacgatgcgtccggcgtagaggatcgagat
cgatctcgatcccgcgaaattaatacgactc
actata
SNAP-25b (1–206, all C to A; capitalized) in pET28a homemade tggcgaatgggacgcgccctgtagcggcgca
ttaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgca
gcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagc
gcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttccttt
ctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaag
ctctaaatcgggggctccctttagggttccg
atttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccccaaa
aaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtg
ggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccc
tttgacgttggagtccacgttctttaatagt
ggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactca
accctatctcggtctattcttttgatttata
agggattttgccgatttcggcctattggtta
aaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacg
cgaattttaacaaaatattaacgtttacaat
ttcaggtggcacttttcggggaaatgtgcgc
ggaacccctatttgtttatttttctaaatac
attcaaatatgtatccgctcatgaattaatt
cttagaaaaactcatcgagcatcaaatgaaa
ctgcaatttattcatatcaggattatcaata
ccatatttttgaaaaagccgtttctgtaatg
aaggagaaaactcaccgaggcagttccatag
gatggcaagatcctggtatcggtctgcgatt
ccgactcgtccaacatcaatacaacctatta
atttcccctcgtcaaaaataaggttatcaag
tgagaaatcaccatgagtgacgactgaatcc
ggtgagaatggcaaaagtttatgcatttctt
tccagacttgttcaacaggccagccattacg
ctcgtcatcaaaatcactcgcatcaaccaaa
ccgttattcattcgtgattgcgcctgagcga
gacgaaatacgcgatcgctgttaaaaggaca
attacaaacaggaatcgaatgcaaccggcgc
aggaacactgccagcgcatcaacaatatttt
cacctgaatcaggatattcttctaatacctg
gaatgctgttttcccggggatcgcagtggtg
agtaaccatgcatcatcaggagtacggataa
aatgcttgatggtcggaagaggcataaattc
cgtcagccagtttagtctgaccatctcatct
gtaacatcattggcaacgctacctttgccat
gtttcagaaacaactctggcgcatcgggctt
cccatacaatcgatagattgtcgcacctgat
tgcccgacattatcgcgagcccatttatacc
catataaatcagcatccatgttggaatttaa
tcgcggcctagagcaagacgtttcccgttga
atatggctcataacaccccttgtattactgt
ttatgtaagcagacagttttattgttcatga
ccaaaatcccttaacgtgagttttcgttcca
ctgagcgtcagaccccgtagaaaagatcaaa
ggatcttcttgagatcctttttttctgcgcg
taatctgctgcttgcaaacaaaaaaaccacc
gctaccagcggtggtttgtttgccggatcaa
gagctaccaactctttttccgaaggtaactg
gcttcagcagagcgcagataccaaatactgt
ccttctagtgtagccgtagttaggccaccac
ttcaagaactctgtagcaccgcctacatacc
tcgctctgctaatcctgttaccagtggctgc
tgccagtggcgataagtcgtgtcttaccggg
ttggactcaagacgatagttaccggataagg
cgcagcggtcgggctgaacggggggttcgtg
cacacagcccagcttggagcgaacgacctac
accgaactgagatacctacagcgtgagctatg
agaaagcgccacgcttcccgaagggagaaa
ggcggacaggtatccggtaagcggcagggtc
ggaacaggagagcgcacgagggagcttcc
agggggaaacgcctggtatctttatagtcctgt
cgggtttcgccacctctgacttgagcgtcga
tttttgtgatgctcgtcaggggggcggagcc
tatggaaaaacgccagcaacgcggccttttt
acggttcctggccttttgctggccttttgct
cacatgttctttcctgcgttatcccctgatt
ctgtggataaccgtattaccgcctttgagtg
agctgataccgctcgccgcagccgaacgacc
gagcgcagcgagtcagtgagcgaggaagc
ggaagagcgcctgatgcggtattttctccttac
gcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcatatat
ggtgcactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgc
cgcatagttaagccagtatacactccgctat
cgctacgtgactgggtcatggctgcgccccg
acacccgccaacacccgctgacgcgccctga
cgggcttgtctgctcccggcatccgcttaca
gacaagctgtgaccgtctccgggagctgcat
gtgtcagaggttttcaccgtcatcaccgaaa
cgcgcgaggcagctgcggtaaagctcatcag
cgtggtcgtgaagcgattcacagatgtctgc
ctgttcatccgcgtccagctcgttgagtttc
tccagaagcgttaatgtctggcttctgataa
agcgggccatgttaagggcggttttttcctg
tttggtcactgatgcctccgtgtaaggggga
tttctgttcatgggggtaatgataccgatga
aacgagagaggatgctcacgatacgggttac
tgatgatgaacatgcccggttactggaacgt
tgtgagggtaaacaactggcggtatggatgc
ggcgggaccagagaaaaatcactcagggtc
aatgccagcgcttcgttaatacagatgtaggt
gttccacagggtagccagcagcatcctgcga
tgcagatccggaacataatggtgcagggcgc
tgacttccgcgtttccagactttacgaaaca
cggaaaccgaagaccattcatgttgttgctc
aggtcgcagacgttttgcagcagcagtcgct
tcacgttcgctcgcgtatcggtgattcattc
tgctaaccagtaaggcaaccccgccagccta
gccgggtcctcaacgacaggagcacgatcat
gcgcacccgtggggccgccatgccggcgata
atggcctgcttctcgccgaaacgtttggtgg
cgggaccagtgacgaaggcttgagcgagggc
gtgcaagattccgaataccgcaagcgacagg
ccgatcatcgtcgcgctccagcgaaagcggt
cctcgccgaaaatgacccagagcgctgccgg
cacctgtcctacgagttgcatgataaagaag
acagtcataagtgcggcgacgatagtcatgc
cccgcgcccaccggaaggagctgactgggtt
gaaggctctcaagggcatcggtcgagatccc
ggtgcctaatgagtgagctaacttacattaa
ttgcgttgcgctcactgcccgctttccagtc
gggaaacctgtcgtgccagctgcattaatga
atcggccaacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgc
gtattgggcgccagggtggtttttcttttca
ccagtgagacgggcaacagctgattgccctt
caccgcctggccctgagagagttgcagcaag
cggtccacgctggtttgccccagcaggcgaa
aatcctgtttgatggtggttaacggcgggat
ataacatgagctgtcttcggtatcgtcgtat
cccactaccgagatatccgcaccaacgcgca
gcccggactcggtaatggcgcgcattgcgcc
cagcgccatctgatcgttggcaaccagcatc
gcagtgggaacgatgccctcattcagcattt
gcatggtttgttgaaaaccggacatggcact
ccagtcgccttcccgttccgctatcggctga
atttgattgcgagtgagatatttatgccagc
cagccagacgcagacgcgccgagacagaa
cttaatgggcccgctaacagcgcgatttgctgg
tgacccaatgcgaccagatgctccacgccca
gtcgcgtaccgtcttcatgggagaaaataat
actgttgatgggtgtctggtcagagacatca
agaaataacgccggaacattagtgcaggcag
cttccacagcaatggcatcctggtcatccag
cggatagttaatgatcagcccactgacgcgt
tgcgcgagaagattgtgcaccgccgctttac
aggcttcgacgccgcttcgttctaccatcga
caccaccacgctggcacccagttgatcggcg
cgagatttaatcgccgcgacaatttgcgacg
gcgcgtgcagggccagactggaggtggcaac
gccaatcagcaacgactgtttgcccgccagt
tgttgtgccacgcggttgggaatgtaattca
gctccgccatcgccgcttccactttttcccg
cgttttcgcagaaacgtggctggcctggttc
accacgcgggaaacggtctgataagagacac
cggcatactctgcgacatcgtataacgttac
tggtttcacattcaccaccctgaattgactc
tcttccgggcgctatcatgccataccgcgaa
aggttttgcgccattcgatggtgtccgggat
ctcgacgctctcccttatgcgactcctgcat
taggaagcagcccagtagtaggttgaggccg
ttgagcaccgccgccgcaaggaatggtgcat
gcaaggagatggcgcccaacagtcccccggc
cacggggcctgccaccatacccacgccgaaa
caagcgctcatgagcccgaagtggcgagccc
gatcttccccatcggtgatgtcggcgatata
ggcgccagcaaccgcacctgtggcgccggtg
atgccggccacgatgcgtccggcgtagagga
tcgagatctcgatcccgcgaaattaatacga
ctcactataggggaattgtgagcggataaca
attcccctctagaaataattttgtttaactt
taagaaggagatataccATGGCCGA
GGACGCAGACATGCGCAATG
AGCTGGAGGAGATGCAGAGG
AGGGCTGACCAGCTGGCTGA
TGAGTCCCTGGAAAGCACCC
GTCGCATGCTGCAGCTGGTT
GAAGAGAGTAAAGATGCTGG
CATCAGGACTTTGGTTATGTT
GGATGAGCAAGGCGAACAAC
TGGAACGCATTGAGGAAGGG
ATGGACCAAATCAATAAGGAC
ATGAAAGAAGCAGAAAAGAAT
TTGACGGACCTAGGAAAATTC
GCCGGCCTTGCCGTGGCCCC
CGCCAACAAGCTTAAATCCAG
TGATGCTTACAAAAAAGCCTG
GGGCAATAATCAGGATGGAGT
AGTGGCCAGCCAGCCTGCCC
GTGTGGTGGATGAACGGGAG
CAGATGGCCATCAGTGGTGGC
TTCATCCGCAGGGTAACAAAT
GATGCCCGGGAAAATGAGATG
GATGAGAACCTGGAGCAGGT
GAGCGGCATCATCGGAAACCT
CCGCCACATGGCTCTAGACAT
GGGCAATGAGATTGACACCCA
GAATCGCCAGATCGACAGGAT
CATGGAGAAGGCTGATTCCAA
CAAAACCAGAATTGATGAAGC
CAACCAACGTGCAACAAAGAT
GCTGGGAAGTGGTTAA
ctcgagcaccaccaccaccaccactgag
atccggctgctaacaaagcccgaaagga
agctgagttggctgctgccaccgctgagc
aataactagcataaccccttggggcctc
taaacgggtcttgaggggttttttgctgaa
aggaggaactatatccggat
Materials for protein purificaiton
2-Mercaptoethanol SIGMA M3148-25ML
Agar LPS Solution AGA500
Ampicillin, Sodium salt PLS AC1043-005-00
Chloramphenicol PLS CR1023-050-00
Competent cells (E. coli) Novagen 70956 Rosetta(DE3)pLysS
Glycerol SIGMA G5516-500ML
HEPES SIGMA H4034-100G
Hydrochloric acid / HCl SIGMA 320331-500ML
Imidazole SIGMA I2399-100G
Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside / IPTG SIGMA 10724815001
Kanamycin Sulfate PLS KC1001-005-02
Luria-Bertani (LB) Broth LPS Solution LB-05
Ni-NTA resin Qiagen 30210
PD MiniTrap G-25 (desalting column) Cytiva GE28-9180-07 For instructions, see: https://www.cytivalifesciences.com/en/us/shop/chromatography/prepacked-columns/desalting-and-buffer-exchange/pd-minitrap-desalting-columns-with-sephadex-g-25-resin-p-06174
Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride / PMSF ThermoFisher Scientific 36978
Plasmids for SNARE proteins cloned in house N/A Available upon request
Protease inhibitor cocktail genDEPOT P3100
Sodium chloride SIGMA S5886-500G
Sodium phosphate dibasic / Na2HPO4 SIGMA S7907-100G
Sodium phosphate monobasic / NaH2PO4 SIGMA S3139-250G
Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine / TCEP SIGMA C4706-2G
Trizma base SIGMA T1503-250G
Materials for sample assembly
Biotin-PEG-SVA LAYSAN BIO BIO-PEG-SVA-5K-100MG & MPEG-SVA-5K-1g For PEGylation
Dibenzocyclooctyne-amine / DBCO-NH2 SIGMA 761540-10MG For bead coating
Double-sided tape 3M 136 For flow cell assembly
Epoxy glue DEVCON S-208 For flow cell assembly
Glass coverslip for bottom surface VWR 48393-251 Rectangular, 60×24 mm, #1.5
Glass coverslip for top surface VWR 48393-241 Rectangular, 50×24 mm, #1.5
Magnetic bead ThermoFisher Scientific 14301 Dynabeads M-270 Epoxy, 2.8 μm
mPEG-SVA LAYSAN BIO mPEG-SVA 1g For PEGylation
N,N-Dimethylformamide / DMF SIGMA D4551-250ML For bead coating
N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine SIGMA 104884-100ML For PEGylation
Neutravidin ThermoFisher Scientific 31000 For sample tethering
Phosphate buffered saline / PBS, pH 7.2 PLS PR2007-100-00
Plastic syringe Norm-ject A5 5 ml, luer tip
Polyethylene Tubing SCI BB31695-PE/4 PE-60
Reference bead SPHEROTECH SVP-30-5 Streptavidin-coated Polystyrene Particles; 3.0-3.4 µm
Syringe needle Kovax 21G-1 1/4'' 21 G
Syringe pump KD SCIENTIFIC 788210
Equipment for magnetic tweezer instrument
1-axis motorized microtranslation stage PI M-126.PD1 For vertical positioning of magnets
2-axis manual translation stage ST1 LEE400 For alignment of magnets to the optical axis
Acrylic holder for magnets DaiKwang Precision custum order Drawing available upon request
Frame grabber Active Silicon AS-FBD-4XCXP6-2PE8
High-speed CMOS camera Mikrotron EoSens 3CXP
Inverted microscope Olympus IX73P2F-1-2
Neodymium magnets LG magnet ND 10x10x12t Dimension: 10 mm × 10 mm × 12 mm; two needed
Objective lens Olympus UPLXAPO100XO Oil-immersion, NA 1.45
Objective lens nanopositioner Mad City Labs Nano-F100S
Rotation stepper motor AUTONICS A3K-S545W For rotating magnets
Superluminescent diode QPHOTONICS QSDM-680-2 680 nm
Software
LabVIEW National Instruments v20.0f1
MATLAB MathWorks v2021a

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Cite This Article
Park, C., Yang, T., Rah, S., Kim, H. G., Yoon, T., Shon, M. J. High-Speed Magnetic Tweezers for Nanomechanical Measurements on Force-Sensitive Elements. J. Vis. Exp. (195), e65137, doi:10.3791/65137 (2023).

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