本文采用基于流式细胞仪的检测方法筛选化学抑制剂文库, 用于鉴定影响 t 细胞受体信号转导的抑制剂及其靶点。此处描述的方法也可以扩展为高通量筛选。
t 细胞受体 (tcr) 信号通路包括多种介质, 这些介质在 tcr 激活后传输信号。为确定 tcr 信号的新介质, 提出并实施了不同的策略, 这将提高对 t 细胞过程的了解, 包括激活和胸腺选择。我们描述了一种筛选方法, 该方法能够根据胸腺细胞的激活来识别影响 tcr 信号的分子。强 tcr 信号会导致胸腺细胞发育, 从而激活凋亡机制, 这一过程被称为负选择。通过激酶抑制剂的应用, 那些有目标影响 tcr 信号的抑制剂能够覆盖负选择过程。本文详细介绍的方法可用于识别在 tcr 信号通路中具有既定作用的规范激酶抑制剂, 以及在 tcr 信号通路中尚未建立的新激酶抑制剂。本文的筛选策略可应用于高通量较高的屏幕, 用于 tcr 信号中新型可吸毒目标的识别。
t 细胞是淋巴细胞的谱系, 在维持适应性免疫方面发挥着关键作用。他们表达 tcr, 使他们能够识别他们的配体, 复合物组成的一个主要组织相容性复合物分子 (mhc) 与结合肽, 这是在抗原呈现细胞 (apc) 的表面上发现。tcr 信号转导通路通过 tcr/mhc 相互作用的触发对 t 细胞的活化和发育至关重要 1。
在 t 细胞发育过程中, 骨髓造血干细胞 (hsc) 迁移到胸腺, 在胸腺中进行分化并经历 t 细胞谱系进展2的各个阶段。双阳性胸腺细胞, 表达 cd4 和 cd8 受体, 与自肽 mhc 上的自肽 mhc 接触。胸腺细胞与自身的亲和性有一定的亲和力, 其自身的充体成熟, 成为单阳性 (sp) cd4 或 cd8 胸腺细胞, 这一过程被称为阳性选择。相反, 通过自肽 mhc 接受过度 tcr 刺激的胸腺细胞通过阴性选择3,4进行凋亡。这种刺激诱导的、依赖于拉斯帕塞的细胞凋亡的过程可以通过刺激胸腺细胞在体外进行模拟, 例如抗 caspase-dependent 28 抗体涂层珠 5。通过选择过程的成熟 t 细胞被来自周围的 apc 的非自肽 mhc 配体激活。自肽 mhc 仍然与外周 t 细胞相关, 在对生存和稳态增殖的针信号、辅助 t 细胞的分化以及增强 t 细胞对非自肽 mhc 的反应的背景下, 通过共同主义6,7,8,9。高亲和力的 tcr 结合到肽 mhc 配体激活了几个下游信号通路, 其中涉及许多信号分子形成一个复杂的 tcr 信号网络10。tcr 信号通路已经研究了几十年, 然而发现新的途径介质并没有减弱的迹象, 11,12。tcr 信号通路的调节具有临床相关性, 可能涉及免疫治疗应用的 t 细胞反应的增强或对自身免疫13控制的 t 细胞反应的抑制。t 细胞反应的调控策略主要取决于激酶或磷酸酶活性的中断14,15,16。
我们描述了一种基于流式细胞仪的检测方法在筛选小化合物的应用中, 以确保它们能够调节 tcr 信号和 t 细胞活化17。该检测方法取决于胸腺细胞在暴露于强 tcr 信号时激活细胞凋亡途径的现象。该试验具有足够的敏感性, 可识别刺激强度的变化;培养胸腺细胞表达转基因 tcr 与肽/mhc 四聚体以增加亲和力导致 caspase 活性的相应增加, 作为一个测量凋亡反应 5.对于屏幕, 我们使用了激酶抑制剂库, 并评估了它们调节胸腺细胞对强大 tcr 信号的反应的能力。
介绍了几种基于流-细胞仪或基于荧光-报告的策略, 用于对各种 t 细胞亚群中的各种外周激活表型进行高通量筛选。这些策略包括使用基因荧光记者评估 t 细胞活化的时间和大小 18, 使用脱粒作为细胞毒性 t 细胞活性的读数 19,20, 以及分析细胞信号中涉及的各种蛋白质的磷酸化21。
这里提出的筛选分析能够成功地识别抑制 tcr 信号通路规范分子的化合物, 以及对 tcr 信号信号具有抑制作用的潜在的新型化合物。例如, 我们确定 gsk3β和 hsp90 抑制剂为影响 t 细胞反应17的新化合物。该检测方法能够区分由于凋亡反应的降低而干扰信号转导的抑制剂与抑制剂对细胞毒性的 tcr 无关效应。除了诱导细胞凋亡外, 我们还测量 cd69 的诱导和 tcr 下调作为激活的标志物。由于 tcr 信令网络是复杂的, 使用多个读数可以增加发现分子对单一路径有特定影响的机会。在这里, 我们还介绍了在细胞染色过程中使用独立于离心机的协议作为原始协议的高通量替代方案, 为流式细胞仪分析做准备。本文所描述的检测方法采用了少量的激酶抑制剂复合库, 但原则上可用于较高的吞吐量筛选。选择的文库还可以包含各种抑制剂或其他分子。
这里提出的筛选策略评估小分子抑制剂在刺激后抑制胸腺细胞凋亡作用的能力, 以及更传统的 t 细胞激活标记-cd69 可抑制和 tcr 下调.还可以包括其他标记, 以便能够分析不同的胸腺细胞亚群 32.目前的分析的一个有趣的方面在于, 阻碍 tcr 信号的抑制剂也会抑制细胞凋亡的诱导, 进一步突出了这些抑制剂可能对诱导细胞死亡产生的 tcr 独立作用的区别。此外, 基于流式细胞仪的检测允许使用多个读数作为不同的激活标记, 这可以报告抑制剂对 tcr 信号的单独分支的影响。在这里介绍的情况下, 有抑制剂显示差异抑制酪蛋白酶-3 激活和 cd69 uprec0假定。由于某些化合物可能会影响室内管理功能, 如蛋白质合成或水泡贩运, 因此观察到新合成标记 (如 cd69) 对重新合成标记 (如cd69) 的影响并不奇怪, 但对翻译后的影响并不重要。修饰 (例如,酪蛋白酶-3 的蛋白溶解性活化).
由于这里介绍的检测是将细胞凋亡作为读数, 因此, 抑制剂的潜在毒性作用必须不掩盖结果。例如, 在屏幕上, 我们没有稀释超过 1 nm 的菌黄素, 尽管它在这种浓度下对细胞仍然有毒。有代表性的结果与斯陶尔孢菌素是一种交交激酶抑制剂和细胞凋亡的诱导剂33一致.如果不充分稀释测试到无毒浓度的化合物, 就有可能忽视潜在的打击。
这里详细介绍的筛查策略将很难适用于人类, 因为与获得足够数量的胸腺细胞进行高通量筛选有关的并发症。然而, 它是可能的获得人类胸腺样本从小儿心脏活检 34,35或从胎儿36,37。然而, 由于 tcr 信号通路和信号蛋白的氨基酸序列在很大程度上在小鼠和人类之间是保守的, 胸腺细胞检测提供了一个有用的初步筛选策略, 并使用小鼠使用该检测获得的任何结果胸腺细胞, 然后, 可以在人类原代淋巴细胞中得到证实。
传统的依赖离心的协议的一个局限性涉及细胞丢失的前景, 这可归因于过程的多步骤性质, 其中涉及细胞渗透和离心等步骤。每个离心和再悬浮步骤不可避免地导致细胞的丢失。虽然这种损失对于涉及数量有限的样本的研究可能并不重要, 但在应用于高通量筛选时, 特别是在检测格式从96-384-1536 井逐步进入的情况下, 可能会带来问题。解决这一问题的一种方法是使用细胞渗透荧光 caspase 传感器38 , 该传感器能够检测到酪蛋白的激活, 同时避免细胞渗透和多次清洗的并发症 5。或者, 采用与离心无关的方法通过层流清洗细胞也是可能的, 以最大限度地减少细胞损失。有了一个自动的盘子清洗站和一个无壁的盘子, 细胞就可以用层流清洗, 而不用离心机。试剂的指数稀释允许在不到3分钟的时间内彻底有效地冲洗细胞, 这代表了相当于两轮离心清洗的稀释。在没有离心引起的外部应力的情况下, 细胞更有活力, 细胞损失最小化。
我们还探讨了在96井 u 底板培养胸腺细胞后使用自动板材清洗站的可能性, 以及直接在与自动板材清洗站兼容的无壁板中培养细胞的可能性。在无壁板中培养细胞, 消除了所有离心步骤, 并通过消除了在板上进行样品转移的需要, 最大限度地减少了细胞丢失。一般来说, 这三种不同的协议在刺激效率和染色方面都是可比的。自动清洗站提供了自动化、速度和效率的优势, 使其更容易进行高吞吐量分析。此外, 随着自动化程度的提高, 清洗步骤可以更快地进行, 实验或实验者之间也有更大的一致性。但是, 洗涤站也有一定的缺点: 洗衣机启动需要大量的洗涤缓冲液 (每缓冲液更换150毫升, 其中50毫升用于洗涤);在处理板材时需要格外小心, 以避免由于小体积板材井间的有限分配而造成的井的任何交叉污染;清洗后在井中的残留缓冲液为 25μl, 因此必须使用浓度高于1x 的试剂。为了解决板材剩余体积和体积容量有限的问题, 可以添加一个附件, 将培养体积从70μl 扩大到 150μl, 从而促进常规协议的采用。虽然目前有自动板材处理系统, 但与层流清洗系统相比, 它们的占地面积很大, 这是一个小单位 ~ 1 立方英尺 (约0.028 米3)。此外, 将离心装置集成到自动板材处理系统中具有挑战性, 限制了其在细胞清洗中的使用。据我们所知, 目前还没有其他独立于离心机的细胞清洗仪器。
这里提出的筛选策略能够识别小分子及其所谓的目标激酶, 这些小分子会影响 tcr 信号和 t 细胞的激活。这里使用的库主要由小分子的激酶抑制剂组成, 能够产生一些潜在的有趣的打击。该协议还可以很容易地应用于其他酶类的抑制剂库或其他类型的小分子, 以及其他化合物的文库 (例如, 各种大分子)。该协议还可用于筛选其他细胞类型, 如外周 t 淋巴细胞或永生细胞, 包括那些表达转基因 tcr 或携带记者系统的细胞。确定和描述 t 细胞信号的新介质可以提高我们对信号通路的了解, 也有助于免疫疾病的靶向治疗发展 13, 14,15,16. 总之, 这项研究增加了通过高通量筛选检测检测 t 细胞信号介质的现有选择范围。
The authors have nothing to disclose.
这项工作得到了新加坡卫生部国家医学研究委员会、nmrc CBRG15may017 和新加坡教育部的赠款, 2014年-t2-1-136 (至 n. r. j. g.)。
RPMI | HyClone | SH30027FS | |
FBS | HyClone | SH3007103 | |
L-Glutamine | HyClone | SH3003401 | |
Sodium pyruvate | HyClone | SH3023901 | |
Penicillin/Streptomycin | HyClone | SV30010 | |
b-mercaptoethanol | Sigma Aldrich | 516732 | |
10X PBS | Vivantis | PB0344 – 1L | |
Kinase Screening Library (96-Well) | Cayman Chemical | 10505 | Exact contents of the library may vary |
DMSO | Sigma Aldrich | D2650 | |
Dexamethasone | Sigma Aldrich | D4902 | |
anti-CD3/CD28 beads | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 11452D | |
FITC Active Caspase-3 Apoptosis Kit | BD Pharmingen | 550480 | Contains Fixation/Permeabilisation buffer, 10X Perm/Wash buffer and anti-caspase 3 antibody |
DA-Cell Washer | CURIOX | HT1000 | |
96-well DA-Cell Plate | CURIOX | 96-DC-CL-05 | |
Antibodies | |||
CD3e | BioLegend | 100236 | |
TCRb | BD Biosciences | 553174 | |
CD4 | BD Biosciences | 740007 | |
CD8 | BD Biosciences | 563786 | |
CD69 | eBioscience | 25-0699-42 | |
Inhibitors | |||
TG003 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
PKC 412 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Doramapimod | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Paclitaxel | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Erlotinib | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Necrostatin-5 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
NVP-BEZ235 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Phthalazinone pyrazole | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AG-879 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
1-NA-PP1 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Torin 1 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Bisindolylmaleimide II | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
BIBF 1120 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
SMI-4a | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Bisindolylmaleimide XI (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10657 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AS-703026 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Chelerythrine chloride | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Tunicamycin | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
GSK 1059615 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Ruxolitinib | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Necrostatin-1 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
SB 505124 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
INK128 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Canertinib (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
SB 431542 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
PD 173074 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Valproic Acid (sodium salt) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
PD 0325901 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
SB 203580 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
VX-702 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Emodin | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CHIR99021 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
BIO | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Imatinib (mesylate) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Sunitinib Malate | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Gefitinib | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
PP2 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
3-Methyladenine | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Bisindolylmaleimide I | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Bisindolylmaleimide IV | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Bisindolylmaleimide V | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
NSC 663284 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
D 4476 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
NU 7026 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
H-9 (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Indirubin-3'-monoxime | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
KN-62 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
KN-93 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CGP 57380 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Iso-Olomoucine | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
(S)-Glycyl-H-1152 (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Bisindolylmaleimide VIII (acetate) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
ST638 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
SU 6656 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
LY364947 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
SB 203580 (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10621 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
YM-201636 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
ZM 447439 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AS-041164 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
NVP-AEW541 (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
PP242 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
ABT-869 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10622 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
17β-hydroxy Wortmannin | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10626 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
SU 6668 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10572 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
N,N-Dimethylsphingosine | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
LY294002 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
U-0126 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Staurosporine | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
KN-92 (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AS-605240 (potassium salt) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
O-1918 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Y-27632 (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Leelamine | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
PD 98059 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
PD 169316 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
TGX-221 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
(S)-H-1152 (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AS-605240 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
D-erythro-Sphingosine C-18 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
OSU03012 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
JNJ-10198409 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Leelamine (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Arachidonic Acid Leelamide | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Lauric Acid Leelamide | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AS-252424 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10505 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
PI-103 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
PIK-75 (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Sphingosine Kinase Inhibitor 2 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Piceatannol | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
SC-1 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
(R)-Roscovitine | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
BAY-43-9006 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10561 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AS-604850 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
PI3-Kinase α Inhibitor 2 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
ML-9 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Triciribine | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Erbstatin Analog | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Kenpaullone | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Olomoucine | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AG-494 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AG-825 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AG-1478 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
SB 216763 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
SB 415286 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AG-17 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
H-8 (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
LFM-A13 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
SC-514 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Apigenin | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AG-18 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10554 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
DRB | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
RG-13022 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
RG-14620 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AG-490 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AG-82 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AG-99 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AG-213 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AG-183 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Lavendustin C | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
ZM 336372 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
5-Iodotubercidin | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
SB 202190 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10571 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Nilotinib | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
SP 600125 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
L-threo-Sphingosine C-18 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
H-89 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
HA-1077 (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AG-370 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Wortmannin | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
AG-1296 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
KT 5823 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Janex 1 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10574 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10575 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10576 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
NH125 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
TWS119 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
NSC 210902 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10577 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CAY10578 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
PD 184161 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
CCT018159 | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |
Myricetin | Cayman Chemical | – | From the Kinase Screening Library |