Efficacité de protection et de la réponse immunitaire pulmonaire après l'administration sous-cutanée et intranasale BCG chez la souris
Summary
We herein detail the methodology followed to compare protective efficacy and lung immune response induced by intranasal and subcutaneous immunization with BCG in mouse model. Our results show the benefits of pulmonary vaccination and suggest a role for IL17-mediated response in vaccine-induced protection.
Abstract
Despite global coverage of intradermal BCG vaccination, tuberculosis remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. Preclinical data have encouraged pulmonary tuberculosis vaccines as a promising strategy to prevent pulmonary disease, which is responsible for transmission. In this work, we describe the methodology used to demonstrate in the mouse model the benefits of intranasal BCG vaccination when compared to subcutaneous. Our data revealed greater protective efficacy following intranasal BCG administration. In addition, our results indicate that pulmonary vaccination triggers a higher immune response in lungs, including Th1 and Th17 responses, as well as an increase of immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration in respiratory airways. Our data show correlation between protective efficacy and the presence of IL17-producing cells in lungs post-Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge, suggesting a role for this cytokine in the protective response conferred by pulmonary vaccination. Finally, we detail the global workflow we have developed to study respiratory vaccination in the mouse model, which could be extrapolated to other tuberculosis vaccines, apart from BCG, targeting the mucosal response or other pulmonary routes of administration such as the intratracheal or aerosol.
Introduction
La tuberculose (TB) est l' une des principales maladies infectieuses causant plus de décès associés que le VIH dans le monde et combiné avec la hausse augmentation des souches multirésistantes rend TB un problème de santé mondiale alarmante 1. De nouveaux outils diagnostiques, des médicaments plus efficaces et moins toxiques, et de nouveaux vaccins sûrs et efficaces TB sont un besoin urgent, en particulier dans le monde en développement.
Vivant atténué Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) est actuellement le seul vaccin homologué contre la tuberculose, qui a été administré par voie intradermique à la naissance depuis les années 1970 dans le monde entier. BCG est considéré comme efficace pour prévenir les formes graves de la maladie ( la méningite et la tuberculose miliaire) chez les enfants, mais a montré une efficacité incompatible contre la tuberculose pulmonaire responsable de la transmission de la maladie 2.
vaccination pulmonaire, qui imite voie naturelle de l'infection tuberculeuse, représente une approche intéressante pour amorcer la réponse immunitaire de l'hôte locals. À cet égard, divers travaux précliniques dans différents modèles TB animaux pertinents ont démontré une plus grande efficacité du vaccin après l' immunisation pulmonaire par rapport à la voie sous – cutanée ou intradermique 3-6. Néanmoins, les mécanismes de protection déclenchée par la vaccination pulmonaire ne sont pas bien comprises. Au cours des dernières années, plusieurs travaux ont pointé vers une réponse de IL17 médiée comme un facteur important de la muqueuse réponse immunitaire spécifique de la tuberculose, comme dans les modèles de souris déficientes pour IL17 muqueuse efficacité protectrice induite par le vaccin est altérée 7,8.
Récemment , nous avons démontré pour la première fois que l' administration intranasale BCG protégé DBA / 2 souris, une souche de souris caractérisé par l'absence de protection après la vaccination par le BCG sous – cutanée 9. Ces résultats suggèrent que la vaccination contre la tuberculose respiratoire pourrait être plus efficace dans la réduction des taux de tuberculose dans les pays d'endémie, où le BCG intradermique est considéré comme inefficace contre pulmonTB ary.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Although current vaccine against tuberculosis, BCG, is the most widely administered vaccine in history, tuberculosis remains one of the leading causes of death and morbidity from infectious diseases worldwide. This paradox is explained by the lack of protection of this vaccine against pulmonary tuberculosis, the responsible form of transmission. New vaccination approaches effective against pulmonary forms of the disease are urgently needed, as they would have the greatest impact on disease transmission globally.
<p c…Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by “Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness” [grant number BIO2014-5258P], “European Commission” by the H2020 programs [grant numbers TBVAC2020 643381].
Materials
| Middlebrook 7H9 broth | BD | 271310 | |
| Middlebrook ADC Enrichment | BD | 211887 | |
| Tween 80 | Scharlau | TW00800250 | |
| 3-mm diameter Glass Beads | Scharlau | 038-138003 | |
| Middlebrook 7H10 Agar | BD | 262710 | |
| 1-ml syringe 26GA 0.45×10 mm | BD | 301358 | |
| GentleMACS dissociator | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-093-235 | |
| C tubes | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-093-237 | |
| M tubes | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-093-236 | |
| Collagenase D | Roche | 11088882001 | |
| DNaseI | Applichem | A3778,0100 | |
| Falcon 70µm Cell Strainer | Corning | 352350 | |
| RPMI 1640 | Sigma | R0883 | |
| Red Blood Cell Lysing Buffer | Sigma | R7757 | |
| GlutaMAX Supplement | Gibco | 35050-061 | 100X concentrated |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution | Sigma | P4333 | 100X concentrated |
| Fetal Calf Serum | Biological Industries | 04-001-1A | |
| 2-Mercaptoethanol | Sigma | M3148-25ML | |
| Scepter 2.0 Handheld Automated Cell Counter | Millipore | PHCC20040 | |
| Scepter Cell Counter Sensors, 40 µm | Millipore | PHCC40050 | |
| Mycobacterium Tuberculosis – Tuberculin PPD | Statens Serum Institut (SSI) | 2390 | |
| Mouse IFN-γ ELISA development kit | Mabtech | 3321-1H | |
| Mouse IL17A ELISA development kit | Mabtech | 3521-1H | |
| Brefeldin A | Sigma | B7651 | |
| FITC Rat Anti-Mouse CD4 | BD | 553047 | |
| BD Cytofix/Cytoperm Kit | BD | 555028 | |
| APC-Cy7 Rat Anti-mouse IL-17A | BD | 560821 | |
| APC Mouse Anti-mouse IFNg | BD | 554413 | |
| LACHRYMAL OLIVE LUER LOCK 0.60 x 30 mm. 23G x 1 1/4” | UNIMED | 27.134 | Used as trachea cannula for BAL |
| high-protein binding polystyrene flat-bottom 96-well plates MAXISORP | NUNC | 430341 | |
| Albumin, from bovine serum | Sigma | A4503 | |
| Goat Anti-Mouse IgA (α-chain specific)−Peroxidase antibody | Sigma | A4789 | |
| 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) | Sigma | T0440 | |
| MyTaq DNA Polymerase | Bioline | BIO-21107 | The kit Includes Buffer 5x |
References
- Zumla, A., et al. The WHO 2014 global tuberculosis report–further to go. Lancet Glob Health. 3 (1), e10-e12 (2015).
- Mangtani, P., et al. Protection by BCG vaccine against tuberculosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 58 (4), 470-480 (2014).
- Aguilo, N., et al. Pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination confers dose-dependent superior protection compared to that of subcutaneous vaccination. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 21 (4), 594-597 (2014).
- Chen, L., Wang, J., Zganiacz, A., Xing, Z. Single intranasal mucosal Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination confers improved protection compared to subcutaneous vaccination against pulmonary tuberculosis. Infect Immun. 72 (1), 238-246 (2004).
- Giri, P. K., Verma, I., Khuller, G. K. Protective efficacy of intranasal vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG against airway Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice. J Infect. 53 (5), 350-356 (2006).
- Lagranderie, M., et al. BCG-induced protection in guinea pigs vaccinated and challenged via the respiratory route. Tuber Lung Dis. 74 (1), 38-46 (1993).
- Gopal, R., et al. Interleukin-17-dependent CXCL13 mediates mucosal vaccine-induced immunity against tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol. 6 (5), 972-984 (2013).
- Khader, S. A., et al. IL-23 and IL-17 in the establishment of protective pulmonary CD4+ T cell responses after vaccination and during Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Nat Immunol. 8 (4), 369-377 (2007).
- Aguilo, N., et al. Pulmonary but Not Subcutaneous Delivery of BCG Vaccine Confers Protection to Tuberculosis-Susceptible Mice by an Interleukin 17-Dependent Mechanism. J Infect Dis. , (2015).
- Middlebrook, G., Cohn, M. L. Bacteriology of tuberculosis: laboratory methods. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 48 (7), 844-853 (1958).
- Brosch, R., et al. A new evolutionary scenario for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99 (6), 3684-3689 (2002).
- Kaushal, D., et al. Mucosal vaccination with attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces strong central memory responses and protects against tuberculosis. Nat Commun. 6, 8533 (2015).
- Lochhead, J. J., Thorne, R. G. Intranasal delivery of biologics to the central nervous system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 64 (7), 614-628 (2012).
- Lochhead, J. J., Wolak, D. J., Pizzo, M. E., Thorne, R. G. Rapid transport within cerebral perivascular spaces underlies widespread tracer distribution in the brain after intranasal administration. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 35 (3), 371-381 (2015).
- Griffiths, K. L., et al. Cholera toxin enhances vaccine-induced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice. PLoS One. 8 (10), e78312 (2013).
- Hirota, K., et al. Plasticity of Th17 cells in Peyer’s patches is responsible for the induction of T cell-dependent IgA responses. Nat Immunol. 14 (4), 372-379 (2013).
- Jaffar, Z., Ferrini, M. E., Herritt, L. A., Roberts, K. Cutting edge: lung mucosal Th17-mediated responses induce polymeric Ig receptor expression by the airway epithelium and elevate secretory IgA levels. J Immunol. 182 (8), 4507-4511 (2009).
