Summary

Оценка соматических Hypermutation в Рамос-клеток после Сверхэкспрессия или Нокдаун специфических генов

Published: November 01, 2011
doi:

Summary

Мы опишем, как выполнять ретровирусных или лентивирусов инфекции гиперэкспрессия или shRNA содержащих конструкций в человеческой Рамос B-клеточной линии и как измерить соматических hypermutation в этих клетках.

Abstract

B cells start their life with low affinity antibodies generated by V(D)J recombination. However, upon detecting a pathogen, the variable (V) region of an immunoglobulin (Ig) gene is mutated approximately 100,000-fold more than the rest of the genome through somatic hypermutation (SHM), resulting in high affinity antibodies1,2. In addition, class switch recombination (CSR) produces antibodies with different effector functions depending on the kind of immune response that is needed for a particular pathogen. Both CSR and SHM are initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which deaminates cytosine residues in DNA to produce uracils. These uracils are processed by error-prone forms of repair pathways, eventually leading to mutations and recombination1-3.

Our current understanding of the molecular details of SHM and CSR come from a combination of studies in mice, primary cells, cell lines, and cell-free experiments. Mouse models remain the gold standard with genetic knockouts showing critical roles for many repair factors (e.g. Ung, Msh2, Msh6, Exo1, and polymerase η)4-10. However, not all genes are amenable for knockout studies. For example, knockouts of several double-strand break repair proteins are embryonically lethal or impair B-cell development11-14. Moreover, sometimes the specific function of a protein in SHM or CSR may be masked by more global defects caused by the knockout. In addition, since experiments in mice can be lengthy, altering expression of individual genes in cell lines has become an increasingly popular first step to identifying and characterizing candidate genes15-18.

Ramos – a Burkitt lymphoma cell line that constitutively undergoes SHM – has been a popular cell-line model to study SHM18-24. One advantage of Ramos cells is that they have a built-in convenient semi-quantitative measure of SHM. Wild type cells express IgM and, as they pick up mutations, some of the mutations knock out IgM expression. Therefore, assaying IgM loss by fluorescence-activated cell scanning (FACS) provides a quick read-out for the level of SHM. A more quantitative measurement of SHM can be obtained by directly sequencing the antibody genes.

Since Ramos cells are difficult to transfect, we produce stable derivatives that have increased or lowered expression of an individual gene by infecting cells with retroviral or lentiviral constructs that contain either an overexpression cassette or a short hairpin RNA (shRNA), respectively. Here, we describe how we infect Ramos cells and then use these cells to investigate the role of specific genes on SHM (Figure 1).

Protocol

1. Подготовка образцов и клетки Выполнить средний подготовки масштаба ДНК (midiprep) из гиперэкспрессия или shRNA содержащих конструкции и упаковки ретровирусных вектор pKat2 или лентивирусов векторов упаковки pVSV-G, pMDLg / pRRE и pRSV-Rev 25. Используйте 6 мкг ДНК для каждой конструкции и либо …

Discussion

Как обсуждалось ранее, клеточная линия моделей для антител диверсификации стали популярным отправной точкой для выявления новых белков, которые влияют на различные шаги в процессе антител диверсификации. Мы приведем здесь способ использования вирусной инфекции либо нокдауна или гип…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

PMSCV-AID-I-Thy1.1 и pKat2 векторы были своего рода подарок от Д. Г. Шац и pVSV-G, pRSV-Rev, и pMDLg / pRRE векторы были своего рода подарок от BR Каллен.

Materials

Suggested reagents – most of these may be substituted with similar products from other vendors.

Name of the reagent Company Catalogue number Comments
6-well clear TC-treated plates Corning 3516  
10 mL BD Luer-Loksyringes BD Medical 309604  
24-well clear TC-treated plates Corning 3526  
96-well clear flat bottom polystyrene TC-treated microplates Corning 3596  
100 mm TC-treated culture dishes Corning 430167  
Acrodisc syringe filters, 0.45 μm Pall Life Sciences 4604  
Agar Teknova A7777  
Agarose GeneMate E-3120-500  
Ampicillin Sigma A0166 100 mg/mL in water
BD FACSCanto II flow cytometer BD Biosciences   or similar
BD Falcon round bottom polystyrene tubes BD Biosciences 352054 for FACS
BOSC 23 cells ATCC CRL-11270  
CO2 incubator capable of 37°C      
DMEM (Dulbecco′s modified Eagle′s medium) Sigma D6429  
FBS (fetal bovine serum) Gemini Bio-Products 100-106  
FITC α-rat CD90/mouse CD90.1 antibody BioLegend 202503 FITC α-Thy1.1
FuGENE 6 Transfection Reagent Roche 11814443001  
HEPES buffer solution Invitrogen 15630-080  
KAPA HiFi DNA polymerase KAPA Biosystems KK2101  
LB Broth (lysogeny broth – Luria) Powder Difco 240230  
MISSION TRC shRNA bacterial glycerol stock Sigma   shRNA vectors
NCS (newborn calf serum) Gemini Bio-Products 100-504  
PBS (phosphate buffered solution) Invitrogen 70011 diluted to 1x in water
PE α-human IgM antibody BioLegend 314508  
PGS (penicillin-streptomycin-glutamine solution) Gemini Bio-Products 400-110  
Polybrene (hexadimethrine bromide) Sigma 107689 10 mg/mL in water
PureYield Plasmid Midiprep System Promega A2495  
Puromycin Sigma P8833 250 μg/mL in water
QIAquick gel extraction kit QIAGEN 28706  
Ramos (RA 1) cells ATCC CRL-1596  
RPMI-1640 medium Sigma R8758  
SuperScript II Invitrogen 18064-022  
SYBR FAST qPCR kit KAPA Biosystems KK4601  
Taq DNA Polymerase Invitrogen 18038-042  
TOPO TA Cloning kit Invitrogen K4520-01  
TRIzol Invitrogen 15596-026  
Wizard SV Genomic DNA purification system Promega A2361  
X-Gal [5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-β-D-galatopyranoside] Growcells C-5687 40 mg/mL in DMSO

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Cite This Article
Upton, D. C., Unniraman, S. Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes. J. Vis. Exp. (57), e3573, doi:10.3791/3573 (2011).

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