JoVE Journal > Biochemistry
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Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
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생화학

Análise de absorção endocítica e transporte retrógrado à rede Trans-Golgi usando funcionalizados Nanobodies em culturas de células

Published: February 21, 2019
doi:
10.3791/59111
,
1Biozentrum,University of Basel

Summary

Transporte retrógrado de proteínas de superfície celular para o Golgi é essencial para manter a homeostase de membrana. Aqui, descrevemos um método para analisar bioquimicamente transporte de superfície-para-Golgi celular de proteínas recombinantes usando funcionalizados nanobodies em células HeLa.

Abstract

Transporte de proteínas e membranas de superfície celular para o Golgi e além é essencial para a homeostase, organela identidade e fisiologia. Para estudar o tráfego de proteína retrógrada, recentemente desenvolvemos um versátil baseado em nanobody toolkit para analisar o transporte de superfície celular para o complexo de Golgi, quer por células fixas e ao vivo de imagens, por microscopia electrónica, ou bioquimicamente. Nós produzimos funcionalizados antiproteína verde fluorescente (GFP) nanobodies — ligantes pequenos, monomérico, alta afinidade da proteína — que pode ser aplicado a linha celular expressam proteínas de membrana de interesse com um moiety extracelular de GFP. Nanobodies pyrazole vinculados para os repórteres de GFP especificamente são internalizados e transportado às costas ao longo das rotas de classificação dos repórteres. Nanobodies foram acrescidas com fluorophores siga transporte retrógrado por microscopia de fluorescência e viver de imagem, com peroxidase de ascorbato 2 (APEX2) para investigar a localização ultra-estrutural do repórter-nanobody complexos por elétrons microscopia e com motivos de tirosina sulfatação (TS) para avaliar a cinética da chegada de rede (TGN) trans-Golgi. Neste artigo metodológico, descrevem o procedimento geral para o modo express e purificar nanobodies funcionalizados. Ilustramos o uso poderoso de nossa ferramenta usando o nanobodies mCherry – e TS-modificado para analisar a captação endocítica e TGN chegada de proteínas de carga.

Introduction

Trânsito retrógrado de proteínas e lipídios de superfície celular para vários compartimentos intracelulares é crucial para a manutenção da homeostase de membrana para contrabalançar a secreção e reciclar componentes de anterógrada transporte machineries1 , 2. após internalização através de endocitose dependente de Clatrina ou – independente, carga de proteínas e lipídios primeiro preencher cedo endossomos de onde eles são mais Redirecionado ou ao longo do sistema endo-lisossomal, reciclado para a membrana plasmática, ou direcionados à rede trans-Golgi (TGN). Reciclagem de endossomos e/ou a superfície da célula para o TGN é parte do ciclo funcional de um número de receptores de carga do transmembrane anterógrada, tais como os receptores de manose-6-fosfato de cação-dependente e independente de cátion (CDMPR e CIMPR) entregando recém sintetizado hidrolases lisossômicas do TGN para tarde endossomos lisossomos3,4,5, sortilin e SorLA6,7e Wntless (WLS) transportando Wnt ligantes à superfície da célula 8 , 9 , 10 , 11. outras proteínas obtidas para o TGN são TGN46 e suas isoformas relacionados12,13,14, SNAREs (solúvel em N– proteà sensíveis à fusão fator acessório receptores) 15 , 16 , 17, precursora amiloide (APP) de proteína18,19, anquilose progressiva (ANK) proteína20transportadores metálicos tais como ATP7A/B ou DMT121,22e do transmembrane processamento de enzimas, incluindo a carboxipeptidase D, furina ou BACE123,24,25. Para além destas proteínas endógenas, toxinas bacterianas e vegetais (por exemplo, toxina Shiga e cólera, ricina e abrin) sequestrar máquinas de transporte retrógrado para alcançar a ER para retrotranslocation para o citosol26,27, 28,29.

A fim de analisar diretamente trânsito retrógrado, anteriormente desenvolvemos um conjunto de ferramentas baseadas em nanobody para rotular e siga proteínas de carga de superfície celular para compartimentos intracelulares30. Nanobodies representam uma nova família de proteínas ligantes derivados de homodimeric cadeia pesada-somente anticorpos (hcAbs) que ocorrem naturalmente em camelídeos e peixes cartilagíneos31,32. Eles constituem o domínio variável de cadeia pesada (VHH) de hcAbs e têm muitas vantagens sobre anticorpos convencionais (por exemplo, IgGs): eles são monoméricos, pequeno (~ 15 kDa), altamente solúvel, desprovida de ligações de bissulfeto, pode ser bacteriana expressos e selecionado para ligação de alta afinidade33,34,35,36. Para tornar a nossa ferramenta de nanobody versátil e amplamente aplicável, utilizamos funcionalizados anti-GFP nanobodies às proteínas de superfície-rótulo e faixa com GFP no seu domínio extracelular/lumenal. Por functionalization de nanobodies com mCherry, peroxidase de ascorbato 2 (APEX2)37, ou sequências de sulfatação (TS) de tirosina, transporte retrógrado de proteínas transmembranares carga de bonafide pode ser analisado por qualquer fixo e vive de imagem latente da pilha, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, ou bioquimicamente. Desde sulfatação tirosina mediada por sulfotransferases tyrosylprotein (TPST1 e TPST2) é uma modificação pós-traducional restringida para o trans-Golgi/TGN, podemos diretamente estudar transporte e cinética de proteínas de interesse da superfície da pilha para isso intracelulares Golgi compartimento38,39,40.

Neste artigo de métodos, descrevemos a facilidade de produção de nanobodies funcionalizados (VHH-2xTS, – APEX2, – mCherry e derivados) adequado para uma série de aplicativos para analisar o transporte retrógrado em células de mamíferos,30. Focamos principalmente o uso de TS site-modificado nanobody para análise de tráfego intracelular de superfície celular para o compartimento de sulfatação.

Protocol

1. bacteriana transformação com funcionalizados Nanobodies Nota: Este protocolo foi otimizado para a expressão, purificação e análise de nanobodies anti-GFP funcionalizados como descrito anteriormente,30. Derivatização com outras partes da proteína pode requerer a modificação do presente protocolo padrão. Descongelar as bactérias chemocompetent (~ 100 µ l) adequadas para a expressão da proteína (por exemplo, Escherichia col…

Representative Results

Para investigar o transporte retrógrado proteína para vários destinos intracelulares, nós temos estabelecido recentemente uma ferramenta baseada em nanobody de anti-GFP para rotular e siga as proteínas recombinantes de fusão entre a superfície celular30. Aqui, demonstramos a produção bacteriana de tais derivatizado nanobodies e demonstrar sua aplicação para estudar endocítica absorção por microscopia de fluorescência e immunoblotting, bem como a sua …

Discussion

Nanobodies representam uma classe emergente de andaimes de proteína ligante com muitas vantagens sobre anticorpos convencionais: eles são pequenos, estável, monomérico, podem ser selecionados para alta afinidade e falta dissulfeto títulos33,35, 44 , 45. são usados em muitas aplicações, tais como nos sistemas de cultura de células e organismos em biologia do desenvolvimento<sup class="x…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Este trabalho foi apoiado por Grant 31003A-162643 pela Fundação de ciência nacional suíço. Agradecemos a Nicole Beuret e o Biozentrum Imaging Core Facility (IMCF) pelo apoio.

Materials

Anti-GFP antibody Sigma-Aldrich 118144600001 Product is distributed by Sigma-Aldrich, but manufactured by Roche
Anti-His6 antibody Bethyl Laboratories A190-114A
Anti-actin antibody EMD Millipore MAB1501
Goat anti-rabbit HRP Sigma-Aldrich A-0545
Goat anti-mouse HRP Sigma-Aldrich A-0168
4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) Sigma-Aldrich D9542 dissolved in 1 x PBS/1%BSA
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) Applichem A3672
D-biotin Sigma-Aldrich B4501 dissolved in sterile 500 mM NaH2PO4 or DMSO
5-aminolevuilnic acid (dALA) hydrochloride Sigma-Aldrich A3785 dissolved in sterile water
DNase I Applichem A3778 dissolved in sterile water
Lysozyme Sigma-Aldrich 18037059001 Product is distributed by Sigma-Aldrich, but manufactured by Roche
Brefeldin A (BFA) Sigma-Aldrich B5936
Puromycin Invivogen ant-pr-1
Penicillin/Streptomycin Bioconcept 4-01F00-H
L-glutamine Applichem A3704
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) Sigma-Aldrich D5796
Fetal calf serum (FCS) Biowest S181B-500
Sulfur-35 as sodium sulfate Hartmann Analytics ARS0105 Product contains 5 mCi
Earle's balanced salts Sigma-Aldrich E6267
MEM amino acids (50 x) solution Sigma-Aldrich M5550
MEM vitamin solution (100 x) Sigma-Aldrich M6895
cOmplete, Mini Protease inhibitor cocktail Sigma-Aldrich 11836153001 Product is distributed by Sigma-Aldrich, but manufactured by Roche
Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranosid (IPTG) Applichem A1008 dissolved in sterile water, stock is 1 M
Carbenicillin disodium salt Applichem A1491 dissolved in sterile water, stock is 100 mg/mL
Kanamycin sulfate Applichem A1493 dissolved in sterile water, stock is 100 mg/mL
Coomassie-R (Brilliant Blue) Sigma-Aldrich B-0149
Paraformaldehyde (PFA) Applichem A3813
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) Sigma-Aldrich A2153
Fluoromount-G Southern Biotech 0100-01
Ni Sepharose High Performance GE Healthcare 17-5268-01
His GraviTrap columns GE Healthcare GE11-0033-99
His buffer kit GE Healthcare GE11-0034-00
Disposable PD10 desalting columns GE Healthcare GE17-0851-01
Mini-Protean TGX gels, 4-20%, 15-well Bio-Rad 456-1096
Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS) w/o Ca2+/Mg2+ Sigma-Aldrich D8537
35-mm dishes Falcon 353001
6-well plates TPP 92406
Glass coverslips (No. 1.5H) VWR 631-0153
Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) Applichem A0999.0025 dissolved in 40% DMSO 60% isopropanol, stock in 500 mM
Tryptone Applichem A1553
Yeast extract Applichem A1552
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate Merck Millipore 105833 dissolved in sterile water, stock is 1 M
Calcium chloride dihydrate Merck Millipore 102382 dissolved in sterile water, stock is 1 M
Sodium chloride Merck Millipore 106404 dissolved in sterile water, stock is 5 M
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Tags

NanobodyEndocytic UptakeRetrograde TransportTrans-Golgi NetworkCell Surface ReceptorsFluorescence MicroscopyElectron MicroscopyTyrosine Sulfation

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Buser, D. P., Spiess, M. Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (144), e59111, doi:10.3791/59111 (2019).
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