Measuring the Electrophysiological Activity of Neuronal Networks Using Micro-Electrode Arrays

1. Differentiation of rtTA/Ngn2-positive hiPSCs to Neurons on 6-well MEAs and Glass Coverslips

NOTE: In this protocol, the details are provided for differentiating reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator (rtTA)/ Neurogenin-2 (Ngn2)-positive hiPSCs on 6-well MEAs (devices composed of 6 independent wells with 9 recording and 1 reference embedded microelectrodes per well).

1. Prepare the MEAs (day 0 and day 1)
   1. The day before the start of the differentiation, sterilize the MEAs according to the manufacturer's recommendation.
   2. Dilute the adhesion protein Poly-L-Ornithine (PLO) in sterile ultrapure water to a final concentration 50 µg/mL. Coat the active electrode area of 6-well MEAs by placing a 100 µL drop of the diluted PLO in each well.
   3. Incubate the 6-well MEAs overnight (O/N) in a humidified 37 °C incubator with an atmosphere of 5% CO₂. The next day, aspirate the diluted PLO. Wash the glass surfaces of the 6-well MEAs twice with sterile ultrapure water.
   4. Dilute laminin in cold Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) to a final concentration of 20 µg/mL. Immediately coat the active electrode area of the 6-well MEAs by placing a 100 µL drop in each well.
   5. Incubate the 6-well MEAs in a humidified 37 °C incubator with an atmosphere of 5% CO₂ for at least 2 h.
2. Plate the hiPSCs (day 1)
   NOTE: The volumes that are mentioned in steps 1.2.1 – 1.2.4 assume that the rtTA/Ngn2-positive hiPSCs are cultured in a 6-well plate and that the cells of one well are harvested. The volumes that are required for plating the cells on the 6-well MEAs depends on the number of 6-well MEAs that are used in the experiment; the numbers specified in steps 1.2.6 – 1.2.8 allow scaling to different experiment sizes.
   1. Warm DMEM/F12, cell detachment solution (CDS) and E8 medium with 1% (v/v) penicillin/streptomycin to R/T. Add doxycycline to a final concentration of 4 µg/mL and rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor to the E8 medium.
   2. Aspirate the spent medium of the rtTA/Ngn2-positive hiPSCs and add 1 mL CDS to the hiPSCs. Incubate 3 – 5 min in a humidified 37 °C incubator with an atmosphere of 5% CO₂. Check under the microscope whether the cells are detaching from one another.
   3. Add 2 mL DMEM/F12 in the well, gently suspend the cells with a 1,000 µL pipette and transfer the cells to a 15 mL tube. Add 7 mL DMEM/F12 to the cell suspension. Spin the cells at 200 x g for 5 min.
   4. Aspirate the supernatant and add 2 mL of the prepared E8 medium. Dissociate the hiPSCs by putting the tip of a 1,000 µL pipette against the side of the 15 mL tube and resuspending the cells gently. Check under the microscope whether the cells are dissociated.
   5. Determine the number of cells (cells/mL) using a hemocytometer chamber.
      NOTE: A 6-well plate well at 80 – 90% confluency will typically yield 3.0 – 4.0 x 10⁶ cells in total.
   6. Aspirate the diluted laminin. For the 6-well MEAs, dilute the cells to obtain a cell suspension of 7.5 x 10⁵ cells/mL. Plate the cells by adding a drop of 100 µL of the cell suspension on the active electrode area in each well of the 6-well MEAs.
   7. Place the 6-well MEAs in a humidified 37 °C incubator with an atmosphere of 5% CO₂ for 2 h.
   8. After 2 h, carefully add 500 µL of the prepared E8 medium to each well of the 6-well MEAs. Place the 6-well MEAs O/N in a humidified 37 °C incubator with an atmosphere of 5% CO₂.
3. Change the medium (day 2)
   1. The next day, prepare DMEM/F12 with 1% (v/v) N-2 supplement, 1% (v/v) non-essential amino acids and 1% (v/v) penicillin/streptomycin. Add human recombinant neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) to a final concentration of 10 ng/mL, human recombinant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to a final concentration of 10 ng/mL, and doxycycline to a final concentration of 4 µg/mL. Warm the medium to 37 °C.
   2. Add laminin to a final concentration of 0.2 µg/mL to the medium. Filter the resulting medium. Aspirate the spent medium from the wells of the 6-well MEAs and the 24-well plate and replace it with the prepared medium. Incubate the 6-well MEAs O/N in a humidified 37 °C incubator with an atmosphere of 5% CO₂.
4. Add rat astrocytes (day 3)
   NOTE: The volumes that are mentioned in this protocol assume that the rat astrocytes are cultured in T75 culture flasks. It is critical that the rat astrocytes that are added to the cultures are of good quality. We use two criteria to check if the rat astrocytes are of good quality. First, the rat astrocyte culture should be able to grow confluent within ten days after the isolation from the rat embryonic brains. Second, after splitting the rat astrocyte culture, the rat astrocytes should be able to form a confluent, tessellated monolayer. If the rat astrocyte culture does not fulfill these two criteria, we advise not to use this culture for differentiation experiments.
   1. Warm 0.05% trypsin- ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to RT. Warm the Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS) and DMEM/F12 with 1% (v/v) penicillin/streptomycin to 37 °C.
   2. Aspirate the spent medium of the rat astrocyte culture. Wash the culture by adding 5 mL DPBS and swish it around gently.
   3. Aspirate the DPBS and add 5 mL 0.05% trypsin-EDTA. Swish the trypsin-EDTA around gently. Incubate in a humidified 37 °C incubator with an atmosphere of 5% CO₂ for 5 – 10 min.
   4. Check under the microscope whether the cells are detached. Detach the last cells by hitting the flask a few times.
   5. Add 5 mL of DMEM/F12 to the flask. Triturate the cells gently inside the flask with a 10 mL pipette. Collect the cell suspension in a 15 mL tube. Spin the tube at 200 x g for 8 min.
   6. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the cells in 1 mL of DMEM/F12. Determine the number of cells (cells/mL) using a hemocytometer chamber.
   7. Add 7.5 x 10⁴ astrocytes per well of the 6-well MEAs. Incubate the MEAs O/N in a humidified 37 °C incubator with an atmosphere of 5% CO₂.
5. Change the medium (day 4)
   1. Prepare neurobasal medium with 2% (v/v) B-27 supplement, 1% (v/v) L-alanyl-L-glutamine and 1% (v/v) penicillin/streptomycin. Add NT-3 to a final concentration of 10 ng/mL, BDNF to a final concentration of 10 ng/mL, and doxycycline to a final concentration of 4 µg/mL. In addition, add cytosine β-D-arabinofuranoside to a concentration of 2 µM.
      NOTE: Cytosine β-D-arabinofuranoside is added to the medium to inhibit astrocyte proliferation and to kill the remaining hiPSCs that are not differentiating into neurons.
   2. Filter the medium and warm to 37 °C. Aspirate the spent medium from the wells of the 6-well MEAs and replace it with the prepared medium. Maintain the 6-well MEAs in a humidified 37 °C incubator with an atmosphere of 5% CO₂.
6. Refresh the medium (day 6 – 28)
   NOTE: Starting from day 6, refresh half of the medium every two days. From day 10 onwards, the medium is supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) to support the astrocyte viability.
   1. Prepare neurobasal medium with 2% (v/v) B-27 supplement, 1% (v/v) L-alanyl-L-glutamine and 1% (v/v) penicillin/streptomycin. Add NT-3 to a final concentration of 10 ng/mL, BDNF to a final concentration of 10 ng/mL, and doxycycline to a final concentration of 4 µg/mL. From day 10 onwards, also supplement the medium with 2.5% (v/v) FBS. Filter the resulting medium and warm to 37 °C.
   2. Remove half of the spent medium from the wells of the 6-well MEAs using a 1000 µL pipette and replace it with the prepared medium. Maintain the 6-well MEAs in a humidified 37 °C incubator with an atmosphere of 5% CO₂.

2. Establish the Neurophysiological Profile of hiPSC-derived Neurons

NOTE: Two to three weeks after the induction of differentiation, the hiPSC-derived neurons can be used for different downstream analyses. In this section, examples of some downstream analyses are given that can be performed to establish the neurophysiological profile of the hiPSC-derived neurons.

1. Characterize the neuronal network activity using MEAs
   1. Record 20 min of electrophysiological activity of hiPSC-derived neurons cultured on MEAs. During the recording, maintain the temperature at 37 °C, and prevent evaporation and pH changes of the medium by inflating a constant, slow flow of humidified gas (5% CO₂, 20% O₂, 75% N₂) onto the MEA.
   2. After 1200X amplification (MEA 1060, MCS), sample the signal at 10 kHz using the MCS data acquisition card. Analyze the data (spike and burst detection) using a custom software package.