Chapter 21
Principles of Cell Signaling
![Overview of Cell Signaling](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13155.jpg)
Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes.…
![Types of Signaling Molecules](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13156.jpg)
In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small…
![Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13158.jpg)
Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the…
![Assembly of Signaling Complexes](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13159.jpg)
Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane…
![Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13161.jpg)
Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be…
![Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13162.jpg)
When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function…
![Cell Signaling Feedback Loops](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13164.jpg)
Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output…
![Cell Signaling in Plants](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13165.jpg)
Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the…
![Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/thumbs/58386_t.png)
Aberrant cell signaling plays a central role in cancer development and progression. Most novel targeted therapies are indeed directed at proteins and…
![Wide-Field, Real-Time Imaging of Local and Systemic Wound Signals in <em>Arabidopsis</em>](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/thumbs/62114_t.png)
Plants respond to mechanical stresses such as wounding and herbivory by inducing defense responses both in the damaged and in the distal undamaged…