在线经颅磁刺激测量与反应抑制相关的皮质生理
Summary
我们描述了一个实验过程, 以量化的兴奋性和抑制的主要运动皮层在电机响应抑制任务, 利用经颅磁刺激在整个过程中停止信号的任务。
Abstract
我们描述了一个可重现的, 有利于儿童的马达反应抑制任务的发展, 适合在线经颅磁刺激 (TMS) 表征的初级运动皮质 (M1) 兴奋性和抑制。运动反应抑制防止不必要的行为, 并在几个神经精神条件异常。TMS 是一种非侵入性的技术, 可以量化 M1 的兴奋性和抑制使用单和配对脉冲协议, 可以精确计时研究皮质生理与高时间分辨率。我们修改了原来的斯莱特-Hammel (S H) 停止信号任务, 创建一个 “赛车” 版本与 TMS 脉冲时间锁定的内部试验事件。这项任务是自我节奏, 每个试验启动后, 一个按钮推动赛车向 800 ms 目标。去试验需要一个手指升降机来阻止赛车就在这个目标。随机穿插是停止试验 (25%) 在这期间, 动态调整停止信号提示主题, 以防止手指举升。对于 GO 试验, TMS 脉冲被交付了在650毫秒在试验以后开始;然而, 对于停止试验, TMS 脉冲发生150毫秒后停止信号。TMS 脉冲的计时根据脑电图 (eeg) 研究在停止信号任务期间在这些时间范围显示事件相关的变化决定。这项任务在两个研究站点 (n=38) 的3块中进行了研究, 我们记录了行为表现和事件相关的运动诱发电位。采用回归建模的方法, 利用年龄作为多独立变量的协 (性别、研究部位、阻滞、TMS 脉冲条件 [单-对配对脉冲]、试验条件 [GO、成功停止、失败停止]) 来分析机电环境的振幅。分析表明, TMS 脉冲条件 (p < 0.0001) 及其与试验条件 (p = 0.009) 的相互作用是显著的。这个在线的 S-H/tms 范例的未来应用包括增加同时脑电图采集来测量 TMS 诱发的脑电图电位。一个潜在的限制是, 在儿童, TMS 脉冲声音可能会影响行为任务的表现。
Introduction
反应抑制是有选择地防止那些不必要的行动, 可能干扰预期的功能目标的能力。1皮质-纹网络在反应抑制中处于重要的作用, 随着儿童的成熟而逐渐变得更有效, 但在许多神经精神状态 (如注意缺陷多动症 (ADHD), 学习障碍, 强迫症和精神分裂症。2,3马达响应抑制可以通过不同的行为范式进行检查, 如 Go/nogo-a (GNG) 和停止信号任务 (SST)。1,单独的4行为数据不提供有关可能可修改的、可量化的生物机制的信息。本研究的首要目标是建立一个儿童友好的方法来评估运动皮层的生理反应抑制执行期间, 为了开发一个基于大脑的定量生物标志物的神经基质的这项任务。此类生物标记物可广泛应用于神经行为疾病的预后或治疗预测研究。
为此, 调查人员选择并修改了斯莱特-Hammel (S H) 任务5。这是一个停止信号任务, 要求参与者抑制内部生成的预编程操作。这个自我节奏的任务包括去和停止试验。go 试验是由受试者按下按钮并保持压力而启动的, 指示将手指从按钮 (即 GO 动作) 中抬离, 但在800毫秒目标之前。在最初的范例中, 时间是用快速旋转的手在时钟上表示的。停止试验随机穿插在 go 试验期间, 该人必须抑制预先计划的 go 动作 (即防止指举)。停止信号任务更困难, 因为受试者必须在预编程 GO 信号的上下文中抑制响应, 而在 GNG 任务中, 决定是启动还是不启动没有预先命令的操作。6此外, 通过停止信号任务来研究响应抑制可能更准确, 因为在 GNG 任务中, 信号与响应之间的一致相关性可能导致自动抑制。7自动抑制的理论是, 信号和响应之间的一致映射 (即 go 信号总是导致 go 响应, 反之亦然) 导致在整个实验过程中进行自动处理, 以便停止试验通过内存检索进行部分处理, 绕过某些执行控制。8,9
经颅磁刺激 (TMS) 是一种非侵入性的技术, 可用于测量皮质生理。使用单和配对脉冲刺激模式, 可以量化皮质兴奋性和抑制。虽然大多数发表的 TMS 研究调查皮层生理学在休息, 一些小组已经检查皮层兴奋性/抑制在心理准备的行动10和在不同的认知状态, 可能反映在电机皮质生理学。11,12,13,14此功能性 tms (fTMS) 方法需要在线 tms 测量, 而参与者则执行行为任务, 从而允许您探测与高时间分辨率相关的状态依赖性皮层变化。以这种方式提供神经变化的实时信息, 可拓宽电机控制的生理研究15,16和神经精神状态17,18, 19,20。
先前的 fTMS 研究使用 GNG14和 SST 任务15、16、21, 探讨了健康成人的反应抑制皮层机制。此外, 一项研究表明, 在 fTMS/GNG 实验中, 单剂量的哌改变了健康成人的运动皮层生理。22到目前为止, 有两组已发表儿科 fTMS 研究使用 GNG 任务, 以表征 ADHD 患者的皮质生理的23和妥瑞症17。目前没有发表的 fTMS 研究利用 SST 在儿科人口。
fTMS 研究的一个关键问题, 比单独的 TMS 研究更大的程度, 是肌肉伪迹。标准的表面肌电图 (肌电信号) 测量的振幅和潜伏期的运动诱发电位 (机电) 不能被污染的肌肉神器。因此, 例如, 为了研究在反应时间研究中的运动准备的皮层变化, TMS 脉冲必须精确地定时发生在 GO 信号之后, 但在个体的反应时间之前。因此, 在任何任务, 这是至关重要的, 以确保 TMS 脉冲发生的时候, 电机的反应还没有开始, 和参与者是舒适的, 能够保持相关的肌肉休息。这可能是异常的问题与动孩子谁可能自然地有外来的运动和谁可能保持他们的胳膊和手紧张在整个反应时间游戏。
本研究的目的是开发一个 Hammel 的, 适合于研究初级运动皮层 (M1) 生理学的斯莱特-海温的版本。这项任务应该是 1) 容易理解的儿童, 2) 相对容易完成的儿童和 3) 与在线 TMS 兼容。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
该协议是一种新的儿童友好的方法结合停止信号任务和 TMS 检查事件相关的皮层抑制。临床观察的运动抑制缺损和不良表现的停止信号任务已经证明在许多神经精神条件。3相对较少的调查人员使用在线 fTMS 来检查在反应抑制任务中皮质的兴奋性和抑制。一些团体已成功地使用 TMS 在 GNG 任务, 以显示不同的皮质生理在儿童和成人。14,23<su…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
这项研究由国家心理健康研究所 (R01MH095014) 资助。
Materials
| Precision Gamepad | Logitech | G-UG15 | |
| Acquisition Interface Model ACQ-16 | Gould Instrument Systems Inc | ACQ-16 | |
| Micro1401-3 Data Acquisition Unit | Cambridge Electronic Design Ltd | Not applicable | |
| Signal version 6 software (Windows) | Cambridge Electronic Design Ltd | Not applicable | |
| Power base | Coulbourn Instruments | V15-17 | |
| Bioamplifier with filters | Coulbourn Instruments | V75-04 | |
| Conductor electrode cables (for surface EMG) | Coulbourn Instruments | V91-33 | |
| 2002 TMS device | The Magstim Company Ltd | Not applicable | |
| BiStim2 module | The Magstim Company Ltd | Not applicable | |
| 90mm circular TMS coil | The Magstim Company Ltd | Not applicable | |
| Presentation software (Windows) | Neurobehavioral Systems Inc | Not applicable | |
| Windows computer | Not applicable |
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