Chapter 1
Chemical Applications of Statistical Analyses
![SI Units: 2019 Redefinition](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14504.jpg)
Measurement is an indispensable part of analytical chemistry. The result of measurement helps quantify a substance's physical property and…
![Degrees of Freedom](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/17356.jpg)
The degree of freedom for a particular statistical calculation is the number of values that are free to vary. As a result, the minimum number of…
![Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14506.jpg)
Error is the deviation of the obtained result from the true, expected value or the estimated central value. Errors are expressed in absolute or…
![Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14507.jpg)
In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According…
![Standard Deviation of Calculated Results](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14509.jpg)
Standard deviation measures the spread of data around the mean value. Many large data sets follow a Gaussian distribution, also known as a normal…
![Introduction to <em>z</em> Scores](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/17357.jpg)
A z score (or standardized value) is measured in units of the standard deviation. It indicates how many standard deviations the value x is above (to…
![Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14511.jpg)
An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements…
![Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14512.jpg)
The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its…
![Significance Testing: Overview](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14514.jpg)
Significance testing is a set of statistical methods used to test whether a claim about a parameter is valid. In analytical chemistry, significance…
![Identifying Statistically Significant Differences: The <em>F</em>-Test](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14515.jpg)
The F-test is used to compare two sample variances to each other or compare the sample variance to the population variance. It is used to decide…
![Detection of Gross Error: The <em>Q</em> Test](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14517.jpg)
When one or more data points appear far from the rest of the data, there is a need to determine whether they are outliers and whether they should be…
![Calibration Curves: Linear Least Squares](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14518.jpg)
A calibration curve is a plot of the instrument's response against a series of known concentrations of a substance. This curve is used to set the…
![Correlation and Regression](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14520.jpg)
In statistics, correlation describes the degree of association between two variables. In the subfield of linear regression, correlation is…
![Difference from Background: Limit of Detection](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14521.jpg)
The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest amount of analyte that can be distinguished from the background noise. The LOD value corresponds to the…
![Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates <em>via</em> Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/thumbs/54157_t.png)
The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as…
![Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/thumbs/54377_t.png)
Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab
Free SampleFree access at this time
Understanding how enzymes work, and relating this to real life examples, is critical to a wide range of undergraduate degrees in the biological and…