Summary

Swimbladder Enjeksiyon ile Larva Zebra balığı Mukozal Candidiazis Modelleme

Published: November 27, 2014
doi:

Summary

In vivo spatio-temporal interactions of pathogen and immune defenses at the mucosal level are not easily imaged in existing vertebrate hosts. The method presented here describes a versatile platform to study mucosal candidiasis in live vertebrates using the swimbladder of the juvenile zebrafish as an infection site.

Abstract

Mukozal patojenlere karşı savunma Erken bir epitel bariyer ve doğuştan gelen bağışıklık hücreleri, hem oluşur. Her iki immunocompetency ve bunların interkom, enfeksiyonlara karşı korunması için çok önemlidir. Bir patojen ile epitel ve doğuştan gelen bağışıklık hücreleri etkileşimleri en karmaşık davranış zaman ve mekan içinde izlerken vivo, incelenmiştir. Ancak, mevcut modeller mukozal düzeyinde patojenler ile savaş kolay uzay-zamansal görüntüleme için izin vermez.

Burada geliştirilen model çocuk zebrabalıkları statik taşıma içine mantar patojeni, Candida albicans, doğrudan enjeksiyon sureti ile bir mukozal infeksiyonu oluşturur. Ortaya çıkan enfeksiyon mukozal hastalık gelişimi boyunca epitel ve doğuştan gelen bağışıklık hücre davranışının yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntüleme sağlar. Bu yöntemin çok yönlülük ph yol açan bağışıklık olaylar ayrıntılı dizisini prob konağın sorgulama için izin veriragocyte işe özel hücre tipleri ve koruma moleküler yolların rollerini incelemek ve. Buna ek olarak, immün bir fonksiyonu olarak patojen davranışı floresan protein ifade C ile eş zamanlı olarak görüntülenebilir albicans arasından seçilir. Konak-patojen etkileşimi artmış uzaysal çözünürlüğü açıklanan hızlı swimbladder diseksiyon tekniği kullanılarak da mümkündür.

Burada anlatılan mukozal enfeksiyonu modeli mukozal kandidiazis çalışma için değerli bir araç yapma, basit ve son derece tekrarlanabilir. Bu sistem, aynı zamanda, normal epitel yüzeyleri boyunca enfekte mikobakteriyel bakteriyel veya viral mikropların gibi diğer mukozal patojenlerin geniş çapta çevrilebilir olabilir.

Introduction

Mucosal infections can lead to life threatening bloodstream infections due to the damage of the epithelial barrier, which allows pathogens access to the systemic environment1,2. In addition, mucosal infections can also cause significant immunopathology even when contained externally3-5. The commensal unicellular fungus Candida albicans is present in the majority of the population in the oral cavity and other mucosal sites6-9. Although normally contained by innate and adaptive immune responses, innate immune defects and medical interventions can lead to severe mucosal candidiasis. The assault on the epithelial barrier results in an increased risk of life threatening disseminated disease as well as immunopathology, as in the case of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis, additionally C. albicans colonization has been linked with lung immune homeostasis10,11. Disseminated candidiasis is now the fourth most common bloodstream infection in intensive care units12 and mortality as high as 40% makes it a major concern. Due to the increase in immunomodulatory treatments for patients with autoimmune diseases, cancer or organ transplants, it is imperative to understand the interaction between this pathogen and the mucosal immune compartment.

The majority of cell biological advances regarding C. albicans-cell interactions at the mucosal level come from in vitro13-15 and murine models16-18. Both these approaches have distinct advantages, but the ability to image live cells at high resolution in an intact host has limited the temporal and spatial characterization of the infection. For these studies, there is the need for an in vivo model where the interaction of pathogen, innate immune and epithelial cells can be visualized in an intact vertebrate host.

The zebrafish has emerged as an invaluable tool for the understanding of human disease, mainly due to its transparency and amenability to genetic manipulation. Cell and organ development have been imaged in exquisite detail, which has led to the description of novel immune cell behaviors, such as T cell behavior in the developing thymus19 or the battle between intracellular mycobacteria and phagocytes20-22. Recent work has described intestinal microbe-host interactions in zebrafish and shown that microbial colonization of the intestinal tract affects host intestinal physiology and resistance to other infections23,24. Furthermore, infection through the gut epithelium has been described for several pathogens.

In contrast to the intestinal tract, the swimbladder represents a more isolated and complementary mucosal model. This organ is an extension of the developing gut tube and forms anteriorly to the liver and pancreas25,26. It produces surfactant, mucus and antimicrobial peptides27,28 and anatomically, as well as ontogenetically, this organ is considered a homologue of the mammalian lung29,30. Since the pneumatic duct remains connected to the gut in the zebrafish, this allows for immersion infection to occur naturally. Remarkably, the only known naturally occurring infections of fish with Candida species are C. albicans infections in the swimbladder31. We recently described an experimental immersion infection model where C. albicans infects the swimbladder, and found that this infection recapitulates some of the hallmarks of C. albicans-epithelial interaction in vitro32,33.

In the method presented here, the original immersion infection model is improved by directly injecting C. albicans into the swimbladder of 4 days post fertilization (dpf) zebrafish. This allows for precise temporal control of infection as well as a highly reproducible inoculum. It permits detailed intravital imaging, coupled with the versatility of the zebrafish model. As an example of what can be done with this method, we present the spatio-temporal dynamics of C. albicans growth along with neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection. Because zebrafish swimbladder tissue is challenging to image intravitally, we also present a rapid swimbladder dissection technique that improves fluorescence signal and microscopic resolution. These methods expand the toolbox for fungal, immunological, and aquaculture research as well as describing a novel infection route that may be translated to model other fungal, bacterial or viral infections of mucosal surfaces.

Protocol

NOT: Tüm Zebra balığı bakım protokolleri ve deneyler Kurumsal Hayvan Bakımı ve Kullanımı Komitesi (IACUC) protokolü A2012-11-03 altında NIH kurallarına uygun olarak yapıldı. 4 Gün Post Döllenme 1. Zebra balığı Yetiştirme Başka bir video 34 'de gösterildiği gibi, ilk 3 saat sonra döllenme içinde, AB zebrafish veya başka bir transjenik çizgiler toplayın. (0.17 mM KCI, 0.33 mM CaCl2, 0,33 mM MgCl2, 2 mM HEPES,…

Representative Results

Posterior statik taşıma içinde Mikroenjeksiyon Burada sunulan deneysel yöntem C tutarlı bir doz enjeksiyon açıklar zebrabalıkları dpf 4 statik taşıma albicans maya hücreleri. Daldırma modeli ile Önceki iş önerdiği C swimbladder immün yanıt Candida albicans, memeli mukozal kandidiyazis 32 benzerdir. Burada daha basit, tekrarlanabilir ve hızlı bir modifiye enfeksiyon yöntemi göstermektedir; zebrabalıkları bir kaç yüz enjekt…

Discussion

Swimbladder mikroenjeksiyon hastalığı modeli Gelişmeler ve sınırlamaları

Burada sunulan model Gratacap et al mukozal kandidiyaz daldırma modelinin bir uzantısıdır (2013).; Bu kontrollü bir enfeksiyon zaman avantaj, yüksek ölçüde tekrarlanabilir enfeksiyon dozu ve bu nedenle geliştirilmiş verimlilik ekler. Biz burada non-invaziv ayrıntılı olarak enfeksiyon dinamikleri zamansal belgeleri yanı sıra statik taşıma yüksek çözünürlük ex vivo g?…

Offenlegungen

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Yazarlar cömertçe α-katenin sağlamak için Dr. Le Trinh ve Dr. Tobin teşekkür: sitrin balık hattı ve Bill Jackman bize onun laboratuarında filme yapmak için izin için. Yazarlar fon kaynaklarını Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri (Hibeler 5P20RR016463, 8P20GM103423 ve R15AI094406) ve USDA kabul (Proje # ME0-H-1-00517-13). Bu yazının ana Tarım ve Ormancılık Deney İstasyonu yayın sayısı 3371 olarak yayınlanmıştır.

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
1.7 mL tubes Axygen MCT-175-C
Deep Petri dishes Fisher Scientific 89107-632
Transfer pipettes Fisher Scientific 13-711-7M
Yeast Extract VWR Scientific 90000-726
Peptone VWR Scientific 90000-264
Dextrose Fisher Scientific D16-1
Agar VWR Scientific 90000-760
Fine tweezers (Dumont Dumoxel #5) Fine Science Tools 11251-30
Wooden Dowels VWR Scientific 10805-018
Low Melt Agarose VWR Scientific 12001-722
Flaming Brown Micropipette Puller Sutter Instruments P-97
Borosilicate capillary Sutter Instruments BF120-69-10
MPPI-3 Injection system Applied Scientific Instrumentation MPPI-3
Back Pressure Unit Applied Scientific Instrumentation BPU
Micropipette Holder kit Applied Scientific Instrumentation MPIP
Foot Switch Applied Scientific Instrumentation FSW
Micromanipulator Applied Scientific Instrumentation MM33
Magnetic Base Applied Scientific Instrumentation Magnetic Base
Tricaine methane sulfonate Western Chemical Inc. MS-222
Dissecting Scope Olympus SZ61 top SZX-ILLB2-100 base
Confocal Microscope Olympus IX-81 with FV-1000 laser scanning confocal system
20x microscope objective Olympus UPlanSApo 20x/0.75
Roller drum New Brunswick Scientific TC-7
Microloader pipette tips Eppendorf 930001007
Glass culture tubes (16 x 150 mm) VWR Scientific 60825-435
NaCl VWR Scientific BDH4534-500GP
KCl VWR Scientific BDH4532-500GP
MgSO4 VWR Scientific BDH0246-500GP
HEPES (Corning) VWR Scientific BDH4520-500GP
Children clay (Play-Doh) Hasbro
CaCl2 Fisher Scientific C69-500
Methylene Blue VWR Scientific VW6276-0
PTU Sigma P7629-10G
Petri dishes Fisher Scientific FB0875712
Hemocytometer (Hausser scientific) VWR Scientific 15170-172
Type A immersion oil Blue Marble Products 51935
Centrifuge Eppendorf 5424
Vortex Genie VWR Scientific 14216-184
Agarose (Lonza) VWR Scientific 12001-870
Na2HPO4 Fisher Scientific S374-500
KH2PO4 Fisher Scientific P285-500
Fishing wire Stren
96 well imaging plate (Sensoplate) Greiner Bio-One 655892
High vacuum grease (Dow Corning) VWR Scientific 59344-055
Microslide (25 x 75 mm) VWR Scientific 48300-025
Cover slips (18 x 18 mm), No 1.5 VWR Scientific 48366-045
15 cm Petri dish (Olympus plastics) Genesee Scientific 32-106
Glycerol (EMD chemicals) VWR Scientific EMGX0185-5
24-well culture dish (Olympus plastics) Genesee Scientific 25-107
Weight boats (8.9 cm) VWR Scientific 89106-766

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Gratacap, R. L., Bergeron, A. C., Wheeler, R. T. Modeling Mucosal Candidiasis in Larval Zebrafish by Swimbladder Injection. J. Vis. Exp. (93), e52182, doi:10.3791/52182 (2014).

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