Summary

Phagosome Migration et Velocity Mesurée en direct primaire des macrophages humains infectés par le VIH-1

Published: September 05, 2016
doi:

Summary

We describe a method to measure the velocity of phagosomes moving towards the cell center in living cells infected with or without the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, using spinning disk confocal fluorescence microscopy to identify fluorescent infected cells and bright field microscopy to detect phagosomes.

Abstract

Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a major role at the crossroads between innate and specific immunity. They can be infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and because of their resistance to its cytopathic effects they can be considered to be persistent viral reservoirs. In addition, HIV-infected macrophages exhibit defective functions that contribute to the development of opportunistic diseases.

The exact mechanism by which HIV-1 impairs the phagocytic response of macrophages was unknown. We had previously shown that the uptake of various particulate material by macrophages was inhibited when they were infected with HIV-1. This inhibition was only partial and phagosomes did form within HIV-infected macrophages. Therefore, we focused on analyzing the fate of these phagosomes. Phagosome maturation is accompanied by migration of these compartments towards the cell center, where they fuse with lysosomes, generating phagolysosomes, responsible for degradation of the ingested material. We used IgG-opsonized Sheep Red Blood Cells as a target for phagocytosis. To measure the speed of centripetal movement of phagosomes in individual HIV-infected macrophages, we used a combination of bright field and fluorescence confocal microscopy. We established a method to calculate the distance of phagosomes towards the nucleus, and then to calculate the velocity of the phagosomes. HIV-infected cells were identified thanks to a GFP-expressing virus, but the method is applicable to non-infected cells or any type of infection or treatment.

Introduction

Macrophages play a major role in the innate immune system and in homeostasis. They are professional phagocytes that internalize and eliminate pathogens and debris by a process called phagocytosis 1,2. The phagosome, the closed compartment that forms after the engulfment of particulate material, undergoes a series of fusion and fission events with endocytic compartments, leading to a degradative compartment called the phagolysosome. This compartment has an acidic pH, due to the acquisition of proton-pumping v-ATPases, contains hydrolytic enzymes and is enriched in lysosomal-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs). The maturation of phagosomes is accompanied by their migration on microtubules 3,4 towards the cell center to reach a perinuclear location where lysosomes are accumulated.

Many pathogens have been reported to hijack phagosome maturation, including bacteria with intracellular lifestyles that modify the vacuolar environment where they reside 5. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 targets macrophages in addition to T cells. As macrophages are resistant to the cytopathic effects of the virus, unlike T cells, they can be considered as a reservoir for the virus. In addition, macrophages infected with HIV-1 show defective phagocytic functions and contribute to the emergence of opportunistic diseases. In particular, severe invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease caused by Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 has been prevalent for the last three decades in sub-Saharan African children or adults infected with HIV 6. It has been estimated that the risk of developing tuberculosis is more than 20 times greater in people living with HIV than among those without HIV infection.

For all these reasons, it is important to better define the molecular mechanisms underlying the phagocytic defects in HIV-infected macrophages. We have shown that the uptake of particulate material, opsonized particles, bacteria or fungi, was inhibited in HIV-infected macrophages 7. Given that this inhibition is partial, we then set out to analyze the fate of the internalized phagosomes in HIV infected human macrophages 8. Because phagosome maturation is tightly connected with migration to the cell center and fusion with lysosomes, a defect in phagosomal maturation can be due to modifications of the trafficking modalities in the infected cell. The method described here uses IgG-opsonized Sheep Red Blood Cells (IgG-SRBCs) as a model to target receptor-mediated phagocytosis and in particular receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulins (FcR). These particles are easier to image in bright field (BF) than latex beads because extracellular and intracellular SRBCs show different refraction properties 9. To measure the velocity of phagosomes moving towards the nucleus in HIV-infected macrophages, we used a fluorescent virus 10 and set up a simple manual tracking method that is described here. The method does not require advanced programming and simply uses ImageJ. It is amenable to adherent cells and any type of particle or pathogen that can be visualized with bright field microscopy or with fluorescent imaging.

Protocol

Le protocole doit être effectué en stricte conformité avec les législations nationales et internationales et les réglementations locales. Le sang provenant de donneurs sains qui ont donné leur consentement au don de sang à des fins de recherche a été obtenu à partir de transfusion sanguine centres avec lesquels les institutions ont signé un accord. protections spéciales doivent être prises lors de l'utilisation du sang humain. Les expériences avec le VIH-1 doivent être réalisés dans un niveau de bio…

Representative Results

Phagocytose FcR-médiée par hMDMs VIH-1-infectés et non infectés est décrite ici en utilisant GRM IgG-opsonisées comme cibles de modèle (figure 1). Les étapes essentielles de ce protocole sont la préparation de hMDMs et l'infection par le VIH-1. En effet, le rendement et la qualité des macrophages différenciés varie entre les donateurs, ainsi que le taux d'infection avec des rendements de l'ordre de 10-40%. En outre, la préparation d'IgG opson…

Discussion

Cette technique présente plusieurs étapes critiques. Tout d'abord, la préparation d'hMDMs et leur infection par le VIH-1 est critique parce que le pourcentage d'infection est dépendante donneur. Il convient de noter, nous avons décidé d'utiliser les macrophages qui ne sont pas polarisées in vitro avant l'infection, car le statut des macrophages potentiellement rencontrés par le virus in vivo n'a pas été bien caractérisé jusqu'à présent. Nous avons vérifié l&#…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr Jamil Jubrail for reading the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from CNRS, Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (2011 BSV3 025 02), Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM DEQ20130326518 including a doctoral fellowship for GLB) and Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA et les hépatites virales (ANRS, including a post-doctoral fellowship for CD) to FN. A. Dumas was supported by doctoral fellowships from Université Paris Descartes and Sidaction.

Materials

Falcon 100mm TC-Treated Cell Culture Dish Corning 353003 For viral production
Glass Bottom Dishes 35 mm uncoated 1.5 MatTek corporation P35G-1.5-14-C Case For acquisition
Falcon Tissue Culture Plates 6-well Thermo Fischer Scientific Corning. Inc. 353934 For human monocyte-derived macrophages
Ficoll-Plaque PLUS Dominique Dutscher 17-1440-03 a neutral, highly branched, high-mass, hydrophilic polysaccharide in solution for density centrifugation
DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium Thermo Fischer Scientific 14190-094 Room temperature
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) 1X, liquid (High Glucose) GIBCO, Molecular probes 31966-021 Conserved at 4°C ; for HEK cells culture
RPMI 1640 medium GLUTAMAX  Supplement Life technologies 61870-010 Conserved at 4°C; for hMDMs culture
Fœtal Calf Serum (FCS)  Eurobio CVFSVF0001 Conserved at -20°C ; decomplemented
Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) Thermo Fischer Scientific 15140-122 Conserved at -20°C ; for hMDMs culture
RPMI 1640 medium, no phenol red (10×500 ml) Life technologies 11835-105 Warm in 37°C water bath before use ; for phagocytosis assay
FuGENE6 Transfection Reagent Promega E2692 Conserved at 4°C ; for viral production
Sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) Eurobio DSGMTN00-0Q Conserved in Alsever buffer at 4°C before use
Anti-sheep red blood cells IgG MP Biomedicals 55806 Conserved at 4°C
Bovine Serum Albumin heat shock fraction, pH 7, ≥98%  Sigma A7906 Conserved at -20°C
Inverted microscope DMI600 Leica
Confocal Spinning Disk Unit  CSU-X1M1 Yokogawa
491 nm 50mW laser COBOLT CALYPSO
HCX PL APO CS Objectif Leica Objective lens ; Magnification 100x ; Numerical aperture 1.40 ; Immersion oil
CoolSnap HQ2 (FireWire) Camera Photometrics Pixel size 6.45 x 6.45 µm ; Definition 1392 x 1040 ; Encoding the image in 14 Bit
Metamorph 7.7.5 software Molecular Devices For the control of the microscope
GraphPad Prism software For the statistics analysis

References

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Cite This Article
Lê-Bury, G., Deschamps, C., Dumas, A., Niedergang, F. Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1. J. Vis. Exp. (115), e54568, doi:10.3791/54568 (2016).

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