Summary

Laboratorium Schatting van de netto Trofische Transfer Rendementen van PCB Congeneren naar Lake Trout (<em> Salvelinus namaycush</em>) Uit Zijn Prooi

Published: August 29, 2014
doi:

Summary

Een techniek voor het laboratorium schatting van de netto-trofische overdracht efficiëntie van polychloorbifenylen (PCB) congeneren om visetende vis uit hun prooi wordt gepresenteerd. Om de toepasbaarheid van de laboratorium resultaten te maximaliseren naar het veld, moet de visetende vissen worden gevoed prooi vis die doorgaans worden gegeten in het veld.

Abstract

Een techniek voor het laboratorium schatting van de netto-trofische overdracht efficiëntie (γ) van polychloorbifenylen (PCB) congeneren om visetende vis uit hun prooi wordt hierin beschreven. Tijdens een 135-dag laboratoriumexperiment, we gevoed bokking (Coregonus hoyi) dat gevangen was in Lake Michigan om meer forel (Salvelinus namaycush) in acht laboratorium tanks bewaard. Bokking is een natuurlijke prooi voor meer forel. In vier van de tanks, werd een relatief hoge stroomsnelheid benutten om relatief hoge activiteit van het meer forel, terwijl een lage stroomsnelheid werd gebruikt in de andere vier tanks, waardoor lage meerforel activiteit. Op een tank-by-tank basis, de hoeveelheid voedsel gegeten door de meer forel op elke dag van het experiment werd opgenomen. Elk meer forel werd gewogen aan het begin en einde van het experiment. Vier tot negen meer forel uit elk van de acht tanks werden gedood bij het begin van het experiment en al 10 meer forel resteert in elk van de tanks waren euthanized aan het einde van het experiment. We bepaalden concentraties van 75 PCB congeneren in het meer forel bij aanvang van het experiment in het meer forel aan het einde van het experiment en in bokkingen toegevoerd aan het meer forel tijdens het experiment. Gebaseerd op deze metingen werd γ berekend voor elke 75 PCB congeneren in elk van de acht tanks. Bedoel γ werd berekend voor elk van de 75 PCB-congeneren op zowel actieve als inactieve meer forel. Omdat het experiment werd herhaald in acht tanks, de standaardfout over betekenen γ kan worden geschat. Resultaten van dit type experiment zijn nuttig in de risicoanalyse van modellen om toekomstige risico's voor mensen en dieren het eten van besmette vis onder verschillende scenario's van verontreiniging van het milieu te voorspellen.

Introduction

Of all of the factors affecting the rate at which fish accumulate contaminants, the efficiency with which fish retain contaminants from the food that they eat is one of the most important1-3. Risk assessment models have been developed to predict future risks to both people and wildlife eating contaminated fish under various scenarios of environmental contamination, and the reliability of these predictions critically depends on the accuracy of the estimates of the efficiency at which fish retain contaminants from their food4.

The efficiency with which the contaminant in the food ingested by the predator is transported through the gut wall is known as gross trophic transfer efficiency5. A portion of the quantity of the contaminant transported through the gut wall of the predator may eventually be lost through depuration and/or metabolic transformation. The efficiency with which the contaminant in the food ingested by the predator is retained by the predator, including any losses due to elimination and metabolic transformation, is known as net trophic transfer efficiency6.

Gross trophic transfer efficiency of organic contaminants to fish from their prey appears to vary with the contaminant’s chemical properties, including lipid affiliation as measured by the octanol-water partition coefficient, Kow3,7. According to an empirical relationship developed by Thomann3, gross trophic transfer efficiency is relatively high when log Kow is equal to a value between 5 and 6. Gross trophic transfer efficiency declines exponentially at a rate of 50% per unit of log Kow as log Kow increases from 6 to 10, according to the Thomann3 relationship.

Nevertheless, the gross and net trophic transfer efficiencies of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners to fish from their prey do not appear to follow the Thomann3 relationship in most cases. Although the trophic transfer efficiencies of PCB congeners to lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from its food followed the relationship proposed by Thomann8, trophic transfer efficiencies of PCB congeners were either just weakly related or not related at all to log Kow for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)9, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)10, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)11, and northern pike (Esox lucius)11.

The overall goal of this study was to present a laboratory technique for estimating the net trophic transfer efficiencies of PCB congeners to a piscivorous fish from its prey. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) was chosen as the piscivorous fish for our experiment because lake trout are relatively easy to maintain in laboratory tanks. Bloater (Coregonus hoyi) was selected as the prey fish to be fed to the lake trout because bloater is eaten by lake trout in its natural setting12. In addition, we determined whether the net trophic transfer efficiencies for lake trout estimated from our laboratory experiment followed the Thomann3 relationship. We also determined whether the degree of activity by the lake trout had a significant effect on net trophic transfer efficiency (γ) of the PCB congeners. Activity by lake trout in the Laurentian Great Lakes is believed to have recently increased because changes in the food webs have caused lake trout to allocate more energy toward searching for food13. Lake trout were forced to exercise in one set of tanks by subjecting these lake trout to relatively high flow rates, whereas the other lake trout were permitted to remain relatively inactive by subjecting them to relatively low flow rates. Finally, the specific details of our laboratory procedure that need to be carefully followed to ensure the highest degree of accuracy in the γ estimates and to make the laboratory results applicable to the field are discussed, as well as future directions for research building on our laboratory technique. Net trophic transfer efficiency can be estimated both in the laboratory and in the field, and advantages and disadvantages are associated with both approaches. Accuracy in the estimate of γ depends on the accuracy of the estimate of food consumption. The amount of food eaten by fish in the laboratory can be accurately determined when proper protocols are followed, whereas the amount of food eaten by fish in the field is typically estimated via bioenergetics modeling. Use of bioenergetics modeling to derive the amount of food eaten has the potential to introduce a substantial amount of uncertainty into the estimates of food consumption. Fish bioenergetics models have been shown to estimate food consumption with no detectable bias for the case of lake trout14,15, but considerable bias in bioenergetics model estimates of food consumption has been detected for the case of lake whitefish15,16. On the other hand, estimates of net trophic transfer efficiency estimated in the laboratory may not be applicable to the field due to a difference in feeding rates between the laboratory and the field17. Evidence from both the laboratory and the field suggest that feeding rate can influence γ14,17.

The methodology used in the present study for estimating γ in the laboratory is applicable to situations where the predator fish is fed prey fish, and the amount of prey fish eaten by the predator can be accurately tracked. To accomplish this, the experimenter must weigh all of the food before placement in the tank; and the experimenter must be able to remove all of the uneaten food from the tank, and then weigh the uneaten food. In addition, an adequate suite of mixers and blenders should be available to obtain a sufficient degree of homogenization of the samples of both predator and prey fish. Finally, the gas chromatography – mass spectrometry instrumentation used to determine the PCB congener concentrations must be capable of detecting and quantifying individual PCB congeners at relatively low concentrations.

Protocol

1 Laboratorium Experiment Het verkrijgen van de prooi vis aan de roofvissen kan worden ingevoerd tijdens het experiment. Bij voorkeur worden deze prooi vissen worden meegenomen in het gebied, bevroren en opgeslagen bij ongeveer -30 ° C. Overweeg commerciële visserij als een potentiële bron voor de prooi vis. Breng de roofdiervissen in het laboratorium tanks worden gebruikt voor het experiment. Tot 15 roofvis zijn ingevoerd in elk van 870 L-tanks, en tot 30 roofvis zijn ingevoerd in elk van 2380-L…

Representative Results

Lake forel toonde een aanzienlijke hoeveelheid groei tijdens het experiment als de oorspronkelijke meerforel gemiddelde gewicht varieerde 694-907 g terwijl de laatste meer forel gemiddelde gewicht varieerde van 853 tot 1.566 g (tabel 1). De gemiddelde hoeveelheid voedsel geconsumeerd door een meer forel in de loop van de 135-dag experiment varieerde van 641 tot 2.649 g. Gemiddelde PCB congeneer concentraties van meer forel verhoogd tijdens het experiment als gemiddelde PCB congeneer concentraties variee…

Discussion

Voor de meest nauwkeurige schattingen van γ, moet de onderzoeker in staat zijn om nauwkeurig bijhouden zowel de hoeveelheid voedsel geplaatst in elk van de tanks en de hoeveelheid voedselresten in elk van de tanks in de loop van het experiment. Om dit te bereiken, moet de onderzoeker in staat zijn om alle voedselresten uit de tanks verwijderd en het gewicht nauwkeurig te bepalen. Naast het nauwkeurig volgen van het voedsel daadwerkelijk door de roofvis gegeten kan nauwkeurige schatting van γ ook afhangen van toereiken…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This work was funded, in part, by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and the Annis Water Resources Institute. Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. This article is Contribution 1867 of the U. S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center.

Materials

Name  Company Catalog Number Comments
870-L fiberglass tanks Frigid Units RT-430-1
2,380-L fiberglass tanks Frigid Units RT-630-1
Tricaine methanesulfonate (Finquel) Argent Chemical Laboratories, Inc. C-FINQ-UE-100G Eugenol could also be used as an anesthetic.
Ashland chef knife Chicago Cutlery SKU 1106336
Cutting board Williams-Sonoma 3863586
Hobart verical mixer (40 quart) Hobart Corporation
1.9-L food processor Robot Coupe, Inc. RSI 2Y1 
Polyethylene bags (various sizes) Arcan Inc.
I-Chem jars I-Chem 220-0125
Top-load electronic balance Mettler Toledo Mettler PM 6000 
Sodium sulfate, anhydrous – granular EMD SX0760E-3
Glass extraction thimbles (45 mm x 130 mm) Wilmad-Lab Glass LG-7070-114
Teflon boiling chips Chemware 919120
Rapid Vap nitrogen sample concentrator Labconco 7910000
N-Vap nitrogen concentrator Organomation 112
Soxhlet extraction glassware (500 mL) Wilmad-Lab Glass  LG-6900-104
Hexane Burdick & Jackson  Cat. 211-4
Dichloromethane Burdick & Jackson  Cat. 300-4
Silica gel BDH Cat. BDH9004-1KG
Labl Line 5000 mult-unit extraction heater Lab Line Instruments
Agilent 5973 GC/MS with chemical ionization Agilent 5973N
Internal standard solution  Cambridge Isotope Laboratories EC-1410-1.2
PCB congener calibration standards Accustandard C-CSQ-SET
DB-XLB column (60m x 0.25mm, 0.25 micron) Agilent/ J&W 122-1262

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Cite This Article
Madenjian, C. P., Rediske, R. R., O’Keefe, J. P., David, S. R. Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Its Prey. J. Vis. Exp. (90), e51496, doi:10.3791/51496 (2014).

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