An electrical circuit comprising two irreducible energy storage elements is called a second-order circuit. Some examples include RLC circuits as well as RC and RL circuits with dual capacitors, and inductors, respectively. These circuits are characterized by a second-order differential equation that correlates the input and output signals of the circuit. Input signals generally originate from voltage or current sources, while the output is usually the voltage across the capacitor and/or the current through the inductor. Consider an RLC circuit, where the initial energy stored in the capacitor and inductor drives the circuit. Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law to the circuit and taking the time derivative yields a second-order differential equation. The coefficients of this equation, expressed in terms of resistance, capacitance, and inductance, are known as the damping coefficient and the resonant frequency. The damping coefficient indicates the damping due to the resistor and determines the rate of energy dissipation in the system. The resonant frequency represents the natural oscillation frequency of the circuit as energy is exchanged between the inductor and capacitor.