Generatie van recombinant griepvirus uit plasmide-DNA
Summary
Redding van influenza A-virussen uit het plasmide DNA is een fundamentele en essentiële experimentele techniek die het mogelijk maakt influenza onderzoekers recombinante virussen te genereren om meerdere aspecten in de biologie van influenza virus te bestuderen en om te worden gebruikt als potentiële vectoren of vaccins.
Abstract
Inspanningen van een aantal influenza onderzoeksgroepen zijn de spil in de ontwikkeling en verbetering van het influenza A virus reverse genetics. Oorspronkelijk opgericht in 1999<sup> 1,2</sup> Plasmide-gebaseerde omgekeerde genetische technieken om recombinante virussen te genereren hebben een revolutie in de influenza gebied van onderzoek, omdat specifieke vragen zijn beantwoord door genetisch gemanipuleerde, besmettelijke, recombinant influenza virussen. Dergelijke studies omvatten virus replicatie, de functie van de virale eiwitten, de bijdrage van specifieke mutaties in virale eiwitten in de virale replicatie en / of de pathogenese en, ook, virale vectoren met behulp van recombinante influenza virussen uiten van vreemde eiwitten<sup> 3</sup>.
Protocol
Discussion
Redding van recombinant influenza virussen uit het plasmide DNA is een eenvoudig en duidelijk proces zodra het protocol routinematig wordt uitgevoerd in het laboratorium, maar in het begin, meerdere dingen mis kan gaan. Het is noodzakelijk om een goede voorbereiding plasmide hebben om het virus te genereren. Goed onderhoud van de cellijnen (293T en MDCK) is cruciaal voor een succesvolle viral te redden. Traditioneel wordt een genetische tag ingevoegd in een influenza gen-codering plasmide, door stille mutagenese. …
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
De auteurs willen heden en verleden leden bedanken de Adolfo García-Sastre en Peter Palese laboratoria voor de ontwikkeling van influenza reverse genetics technieken en plasmiden. Onderzoek in AG-S laboratoria wordt gedeeltelijk gefinancierd door CRIP, een NIAID gefinancierde Center of Excellence voor de Influenza Onderzoek en Surveillance (HHSN266200700010C) en door NIAD beurzen R01AI046954, U01AI070469 en P01AI058113. Onderzoek in LM-S laboratorium wordt gedeeltelijk gefinancierd door NIAID verlenen RO1AI077719.
Materials
| Material Name | Type | Company | Catalogue Number | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMEM | Invitrogen | 11995-065 | Store at 4°C | |
| OptiMEM | Invitrogen | 51985-034 | Store at 4°C | |
| Lipofectamine 2000 (LPF2000) | Invitrogen | 11668-019 | Store at 4°C | |
| TPCK-trypsin | Sigma | T-8802 | Store at -20°C | |
| Bovine Albumin (BA) | Sigma | A7979 | Store at 4°C | |
| Trypsin-EDTA | Invitrogen | 25300-054 | Store at -20°C | |
| Penicillin/Streptomycin (PS) 100X | Invitrogen | 15140-122 | Store at -20°C | |
| Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) | Hyclone | SH30070.03 | Store at -20°C | |
| V-bottom 96-weel plates | Nunc | 249570 |
Cell lines
293T (catalogue number CRL-11268) and MDCK (catalogue number CCL-34) cell lines are maintained in a 37°C incubator with 5% CO2 in DMEM 10% FBS, 1% PS. Cells are available form the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA. 20110-2209 USA).
Embryonated chicken eggs
Embryonated 10-day-old chicken eggs can be obtained from Charles River Laboratories, Specific Pathogen Fee Avian Supply (SPAFAS) Avian Products and Services. Franklin Commons, 106 Route 32, North Franklin, CT 06254 USA. Eggs are incubated at 37°C preceding and after viral infection. Before and after viral infection, eggs are candled to determine viability of the embryos. It is very important to look for dead eggs before and after viral infection. Before infection a dead egg can be easily spotted by the absence of blood vessels as well as the absence of embryo mobility. When candled, live embryos move. After viral infection a dead egg (probably related to influenza virus infection) will be easily spotted by the bad appearance of the egg as seen by the smaller and bloody volume of allantoic fluid. Infected-eggs are discarded in double autoclavable bags and autoclaved following standard procedures.
Chicken red blood cells (RBC)
Chicken RBC can be purchased from Truslow Farms, 201 Valley Road, Chestertown, Md 21620. Store at 4°C. For HA assays, wash 5 ml of the chicken RBC with 45 ml of PBS 1X in a 50 ml centrifuge tube. Centrifuge for 5 minutes at 1000 rpms, RT. Discard carefully the supernatant and use a 1:1000 dilution of the pelleted RBC in PBS 1X (final concentration of 0.5-1.0% RBC).
Tissue culture supernatants and allantoic fluids
Both, tissue culture supernatants and allantoic fluids can be stored at 4°C for a short period of time. After confirming virus rescue, viruses from cell supernatants or allantoic fluid are stored at -80°C.
Plasmids
All plasmids are prepared using a plasmid maxi kit following manufacturer’s recommendations. All plasmids are aliquot at concentrations of 1 μg/ml in ddH2O and stored at -20°C. For short-term storage, the plasmid can be keep at 4°C. The concentration of the purified DNA plasmid is determined by spectrophotometry at 260 nm, with purity being estimated using the 260:280 nm ratio. Preparations with 1.8-2.0 260:280 nm ratios are considered appropriated for virus rescue purposes. Additionally, plasmid concentration and purity should be confirmed with agarose gel chromatography. Ambisense pDZ plasmids (6) containing the eight influenza A/PR/8/34 viral genes (7) are illustrated in Figure 2.
Viruses
The described protocol for rescuing influenza A/PR/8/34 can be performed under biosafety level (BSL) 2 conditions. Contaminated material, including tissue culture supernatants and embryonated eggs, should be sterilized before disposal. Rescue of other influenza virus may require higher BSL conditions and, therefore, special conditions/security measurements will need to be followed.
Tissue culture media and solutions
DMEM 10%FBS 1%PS: 445 ml Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), 50 ml of Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), and 5 ml of 100X Penicillin/Streptomycin (PS). Store at 4°C. This media will be used to maintain 293T and MDCK cells as well as for the transfections. DMEM 0.3%BA 1%PS: 495.7 ml of DMEM, 4.3 ml of 35% Bovine Albumin (BA). Store at 4°C. Just before use, add TPCK treated trypsin to a final concentration of 1 μg/ml. Infectious media.
10X Phosphate buffered saline (PBS): 80 g of NaCl, 2 g of KCl, 11.5 g of Na2HPO4.7H2O, 2 g of KH2PO4. Add ddH2O up to 1 liter. Adjust pH to 7.3. Sterilize by autoclave. Store at room temperature.
1X PBS: Dilute 10X PBS 1:10 with ddH2O. Sterilize by autoclave and store at room temperature.
References
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