溶液和胶体

There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a …

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external …

There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution: A decrease in the internal energy of the system (an …

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole …

Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this …

Solutions of Gases in Liquids As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute …

A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described …

The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates: …

According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent …

Boiling Point Elevation The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the …

A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, …

Colligative Properties of Electrolytes The colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species …

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera …