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Chapter 17

Thermodynamica

Chapter 17

Thermodynamics

A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is …
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has …
In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes …
A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single …
Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard …
One of the challenges of using the second law of thermodynamics to determine if a process is spontaneous is that it requires measurements of the entropy …
The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or …
The free energy change for a reaction that occurs under the standard conditions of 1 bar pressure and at 298 K is called the standard free energy change. …
The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; …
The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the …
Membrane protein folding is an emerging topic with both fundamental and health-related significance. The abundance of membrane proteins in cells …
In nature, complex functional structures are formed by the self-assembly of biomolecules under mild conditions. Understanding the forces that control …
Enzyme catalysis evolved in an aqueous environment. The influence of solvent dynamics on catalysis is, however, currently poorly understood and usually …