Проточного Система экспозиции для оценки взвешенных наносов Воздействие на водной флоры и фауны
Summary
A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.
Abstract
This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.
Introduction
Дноуглубительные операции используют механические методы для удаления донных отложений из гаваней и судоходных каналов. Во время удаления, некоторая часть возмущенного осадка подвешен в толще воды, потенциально делая это источником физического стресса для водных видов. В дополнение к приостановлено, осадок может транспортироваться от драги условиями окружающей среды, прежде чем остановиться из толщи воды. Сочетание этих двух механизмов означает, что водный организм, происходящие вблизи операционной драги могут подвергаться воздействию взвешенных наносов и страдают от побочных эффектов. Для решения таких проблем, экологические окна (сезонные ограничения по углублению дна) , которые обычно используются в качестве практики управления с целью уменьшения или устранения риска потенциально вредного воздействия взвешенных отложений от дноуглубительных работ на водные ресурсы 1,2.
Экологические окна чаще всего созданы для защиты находящихся под угрозой исчезновения, угрозы иликоммерчески ценные виды , такие как бельмо (Sander vitreus) и восточная устрицы (Crassostrea virginica) 3. Сопутствующее обоснование для введения экологических окон часто фокусируется на том , как драги деятельность потенциально может нарушить физическое (например, взвешенных наносов) способность животного завершить определенную часть своей истории жизни. Этапы жизни часто цитируемые яйца и личинки для сохранения путей миграции открыты для проходных видов 3. Тем не менее, имеется ограниченная информация о видоспецифические биологические эффекты , имеющие отношение к взвешенных частиц 4,5 доступного для информирования с использованием экологических окна в качестве инструмента управления рисками.
По этим причинам, спасается был спроектирован, построен и используется для имитации суспензии осадка, а также определить его влияние на ранних стадиях жизни водных организмов. Спасается исследования используют мелкозернистую частицы осадка (т.е. преимущественно илы,глины и мелкие пески), которые, скорее всего, останутся в суспензии и мигрировать дальше всего от источника. Спасается способна испытывать рыбьей икры и личинок, но она также может быть модернизированы для размещения других водных организмов, что делает его уникальные способности. Полученные данные биологической реакции могут быть использованы для оценки влияния взвешенных осадков. Следующие процедуры обеспечивают обзор того, как эта технология может быть построена и эксплуатируется с получением повторяемые концентрации взвешенных наносов и данных эффектов с использованием различных водных видов.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Технология спасается улучшает существующих методов , путем сохранения 4,9 и контроля взвешенных отложений в широком диапазоне времени воздействия и концентрации взвешенных наносов с использованием автоматизированного с компьютерным управлением системы. Технология является ги…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program, Todd Bridges, Director. Permission was granted by the Chief of Engineers to publish this material.
Materials
| Parts List for one FLEES Module, Water Bath, and Aquarium | |||
| post, wood – used to build module (cut to 78 in) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 4 Size: 4 in x 4 in x 8 ft |
| plywood, marine grade – fastened to wooden posts about 18 in off ground – for holding water bath (60 in x 42 in) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 1 Size: 3/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft |
| plywood – fastened on top of wooden posts – for holding pipes, solenoids and electrical (60 in x 42 in) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft |
| stud, wood – used to brace plywood and wooden posts (cut to fit) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 4 Size: 2 in x 4 in x 96 in |
| tank, fiberglass – water bath with two drains: 1) to supply chiller; and 2) to drain water | Hydro Composites, LLC, Stockdale, TX, USA | FBT-226 | Quantity: 1 Size: 150-gal |
| chiller, water with self contained pump – for water bath; chiller sits under module | Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA | CFF-500 | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/2 hp |
| tank, domed bottom – FLEES aquaria – sit inside water bath | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 5197 | Quantity: 5 Size: 19 L |
| tank, stand – acrylic stand, 12 in x 12 in x 6 in – to hold aquaria | custom built by ERDC shops | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: custom |
| urethane, liquid- to seal carboy plug and prevent leaking | Forsch Polymer Corporation, Englewood, CO | 60A Liquid Urethane | Quantity: 5 Size: epoxy kit |
| pump, magnetic drive – to suspend sediment in each aquarium | March Manufacturing Inc., Glenview, IL, USA | MDX-3-1/2 115 v | Quantity: 5 Size: 28 liter per min |
| light, LED – installed over water bath | C2 Development, Inc., Ames, IA, USA | Hydra 26 | Quantity: 2 Size: based on area to light |
| pipe, PVC schedule 40 – installed in drain of water bath to control water level | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: – Size: 1 in |
| fittings, bulkhead – for aquaria/water bath connections to pumps, drains, water and slurry lines | Lifegard Aquatics, Cerritos, CA, USA | R270900 | Quantity: 20 Size: 1/2 in FPT x FPT |
| fittings, quick-disconnect, male pipe threaded inserts – insert in tank bulkhead | Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA | EW-31303-36 | Quantity: 10 Size: 1/2 in MPT |
| fittings, quick-disconnect, valved hose barbs – connection between aquarium and insert in tank bulkhead | Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA | EW-31303-11 | Quantity: 10 Size: 1/2 in |
| fittings, black HDPE threaded elbow – for aquaria vinyl tube connections to slurry/water line and pump | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 62043 | Quantity: 20 Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID |
| fittings, black HDPE threaded adapter – for connections between pump and tank bulkhead | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 62017 | Quantity: 10 Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID |
| tube, vinyl – connect slurry/water line to aquaria and to connect pumps to aquaria | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 25 ft Size: 1/2 in ID |
| tube, vinyl – connect to aquaria drains inserts and water bath drain | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 25 ft Size: 5/8 in ID |
| clamp, hose, stainless steel – to clamp vinyl tube to hose barbs | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 40 Size: #8 |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Parts list for Slurry System | |||
| chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of slurry tank | Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA | CFF-500 | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/2 hp |
| 125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8586 | Quantity: 1 Size: 125 gal |
| Cover for 125 gallon tank | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8935 | Quantity: 1 Size: 42 in x 35 in |
| valve, PVC – connect tank drain to pump – isolate for maintenance | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 2 Size: 1-1/2 in |
| pump, double diaphragm mounted on stand – used to recirculate slurry | Wilden-pumps.co.uk & Air Pumping Ltd., Essex, UK | P2/PPPP/WF/WF/PTV/400 | Quantity: 1 contact distributor |
| sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in slurry tank | Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA | OBS-3+ | Quantity: 1 Size: 0-1000 NTU |
| pipe, PVC Schedule 40 – to recirculate slurry | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 20 ft Size: 1 in |
| pipe, flexible PVC – fitted with union and used to connect to next module | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 10 ft Size: 1 in |
| union, PVC Schedle 80 Socket – connect slurry line with next module | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 8 Size: 1/2 in |
| solenoid, plastomatic (normally closed) – introduce slurry | Plast-O-Matic Valves, Inc., Cedar Grove, NJ, USA | EASYMT4V12R24-PV | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in NPT threaded, 24 VAC contact distributor |
| fitting, PVC tee – connect slurry pipe with solenoid | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1 in x 1 in x 1 in slip x slip x FIPT |
| fittings, 1 in PVC ball valve threaded – shut off for slurry delivery to solenoid/water lines | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 7 Size: 1/2 in |
| fittings, 1 in PVC union threaded – connect slurry solenoid to shut off valve | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in |
| tube, vinyl – connection between water solenoid and slurry solenoid | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 50 ft Size: 1/4" ID |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Parts list for Water System | |||
| chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of reservoir | Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA | CFF-500 | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/2 hp |
| 125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8586 | Quantity: 1 Size: 125 gal |
| Cover for 125 gallon tank | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8935 | Quantity: 1 Size: 42 in x 35 in |
| valve, PVC – connect tank drain to water pump | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 2 Size: 1 in |
| pump, magnetic drive, in-line use – used to recirculate water to aquaria and chiller | Little Giant, Fort Wayne, IN, USA | 3-MD-SC | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/12 hp |
| solenoid, alco – introduce water | discontinued; ASCO, Florham Park, NJ,USA for similar | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 24 v, 1/4 in NIPT |
| fittings, black HDPE reducer connector – connect 1/4 in hose water line from solenoid to 1/2 in hose | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in hose ID x 1/4 in hose ID |
| fittings, black HDPE tee – connect 1/2 in hose water line and slurry to aquaria | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in NPT x 1/2 in hose ID x 1/2 in hose ID |
| fittings, street elbow | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in 90° MIPT x FIPT |
| fittings, PVC threaded pipe nipples – connect union fittings with solenoids and other connections | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 12 Size: 1/2 in |
| fittings, union threaded – connect slurry/water lines with next module | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 6 Size: 1 in PVC |
| fittings, reducer bushing – connect to reducer tee in water line | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in male by 1/4 in female FIPT |
| fittings, threaded pipe nipples – connection between bushing and water solenoid | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 4 in long x 1/4 in |
| pipe, PVC – make connections between tank, pump and chiller | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 ft Size: Schedule 40 |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Parts list for Sensors, Data Acquisition Device, and Computer Software | |||
| software, LabView | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | LabView 2015 Base | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI-1001 12-Slot Chassis, U.S. 120 VAC | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776571-01 | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1100 – 32-Channel, ±10 V Analog Input Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776572-00 | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1303 – Terminal block designed for high-accuracy thermocouple measurements | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 777687-03 | Quantity: 2 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1102B – 32-Channel Thermocouple/Voltage Input Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776572-02B | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1161 – General-Purpose Relay Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776572-61 | Quantity: 6 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1300 – General-Purpose Voltage Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 777687-00 | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| PCMCIA Card DAQCARD-AI-16E-4 | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | N/A – legacy | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A used cards available online |
| sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in each aquarium | Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA | OBS-3+ | Quantity: 5 Size: 0-1000 NTU |
Referências
- National Research Council (NRC). A process for setting, managing, and monitoring environmental windows for dredging projects. Marine Board, Transportation Research Board, Special Report 262. , (2001).
- Suedel, B. C., Kim, J., Clarke, D. G., Linkov, I. A risk-informed decision framework for setting environmental windows for dredging projects. Sci Total Environ. 403, 1-11 (2008).
- Reine, K. J., Dickerson, D. D., Clarke, D. G. Environmental windows associated with dredging operations. DOER Technical Notes Collection. ERDC TN DOER-E2. , (1998).
- Wilber, D. H., Clarke, D. G. Biological effects of suspended sediments: A review of suspended sediment impacts on fish and shellfish with relation to dredging activities in estuaries. N Am J Fish Manag. 21, 855-875 (2001).
- Suedel, B. C., Lutz, C. H., Clarke, J. U., Clarke, D. G. The effects of suspended sediment on walleye (Sander vitreus) eggs. J. Soils Sediments. 12, 995-1003 (2012).
- Travis, J., Kring, J. . LabVIEW for Everyone: Graphical Programming Made Easy and Fun (National Instruments Virtual Instrumentation Series). , (2006).
- Hazardous Waste Test Methods/SW-846 On-line. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) Available from: https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-compendium (2016)
- Plumb, R. H. . Procedure for handling and chemical analysis of sediment and water samples, EPA/CE-81-1. , (1981).
- Clarke, D. G., Wilber, D. H. . Assessment of potential impacts of dredging operations due to sediment resuspension. , (2000).
- Suedel, B. C., Clarke, J. U., Lutz, C. H., Clarke, D. G., Godard-Codding, C., Maul, J. Suspended sediment effects on walleye (Sander vitreus). J. Great Lakes Res. 40, 141-148 (2014).
- Wilkens, J. L., Katzenmeyer, A. W., Hahn, N. M., Hoover, J. J., Suedel, B. C. Laboratory test of suspended sediment effects on short-term survival and swimming performance of juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus). J. Appl. Ichthy. 31, 984-990 (2015).
- Suedel, B. C., Clarke, J. U., Wilkens, J., Lutz, C. H., Clarke, D. G. The effects of a simulated sediment plume on eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) survival, growth, and condition. Estuaries and Coasts. 38 (2), 578-589 (2015).
- Bilotta, G. S., Brazier, R. E. Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water chemistry and aquatic biota. Water Res. 42, 2849-2861 (2008).
- Reine, K., Clarke, D., Dickerson, C., Pickard, S. Assessment of potential impacts of bucket dredging plumes on walleye spawning habitat in Maumee Bay, Ohio. Proceedings of the 18th World Dredging Congress (WODCON XVIII). , (2007).
