Summary

Fysisk, kemisk og biologisk karakterisering af Six Biochars produceret til rensning af forurenede industrigrunde

Published: November 28, 2014
doi:

Summary

Biochar er en carbon-rige materiale, anvendt som jord ændring med evnen til bæredygtig binde kulstof, forbedre substrat kvalitet og sorbere forureninger. Denne protokol beskriver de 17 analysemetoder til karakterisering af biochar, som er påkrævet før store gennemførelse af disse ændringer i miljøet skalaen.

Abstract

De fysiske og kemiske egenskaber af biochar variere baseret på råvare kilder og produktionsforhold, der gør det muligt at konstruere biochars med specifikke funktioner (f.eks kulstofbinding, forbedringer jordkvalitet, eller forurenende sorption). I 2013, den internationale Biochar Initiative (IBI) gøres offentligt tilgængelige deres standardiseret produkt Definition og produkttest retningslinjer (Version 1.1), som sætter standarder for fysiske og kemiske egenskaber for biochar. Seks biochars fremstillet af tre forskellige råmaterialer og ved to temperaturer blev analyseret for egenskaber i relation til deres anvendelse som en ændring jord. Protokollen beskriver analyser af råmaterialer og biochars og omfatter: kationudvekslingskapacitet (CEC), specifikt overfladeareal (SSA), organisk kulstof (OC) og vandprocent, pH, partikelstørrelsesfordeling og nærmest og endelige analyse. Også beskrevet i protokollen er analyserne af råmaterialer og biochars for forurenende stoffer, herunder polycykliske aromatiske hydrocarboner (PAH), polychlorerede biphenyler (PCB), metaller og kviksølv samt næringsstoffer (fosfor, nitrit og nitrat og ammonium som kvælstof). Protokollen indeholder også de biologiske testprocedurer, regnorm undgåelse og spireevne assays. Baseret på kvalitetssikring / kvalitetskontrol (QA / QC) resultater af råemner, dubletter, standarder og referencematerialer blev alle metoder bestemt velegnet til brug med biochar og råmaterialerne. Alle biochars og råmaterialer var godt inden for kriterium fastsat af IBI og der var lidt forskelle blandt biochars, undtagen i tilfælde af biochar fremstillet af byggeri affaldsmaterialer. Dette biochar (kaldet Old biochar) blev bestemt til at have forhøjede niveauer af arsen, krom, kobber og bly, og undlod regnorm unddragelse og spireevne assays. Baseret på disse resultater, ville Gamle biochar ikke være passende til brug som en ændring jord til kulstof sequestration, forbedringer eller oprydning substrat kvalitet.

Introduction

Biochar er en carbon-rig biprodukt produceres i pyrolyse af organisk stof 1. Renter, både offentligt og fagligt, i at tilføje biochar til jord, stammer fra dens evne til at forbedre jordkvaliteten og plantevækst 2, 3, bæredygtigt binde kulstof 4, og sorb skadelige stoffer 2, 3, 5-7 og samtidig tilbyder alternativer til affald ledelse og energiproduktion ved pyrolyse.

Biochars bliver produceret af mange virksomheder og organisationer over hele verden via forskellige pyrolyse systemer. Materialer, der anvendes til biochar produktion omfatter (men er ikke begrænset til) træflis, husdyrgødning og byggeri affald 1. Disse forskelle forventes at ændre biochars fysiske og kemiske egenskaber og dermed deres evne til at forbedre substrater, fremme en langsigtet stabilitet og øge sorption kapaciteter. Derudover under pyrolyseprocessen den biochar may bliver utilsigtet forurenet med metaller, PAH og PCB som følge af forurenede råmaterialer eller uhensigtsmæssige pyrolyse forhold. Derfor, før biochar kan anvendes i stor skala til miljøet som ændring jord, omhyggelig karakterisering af biochar for forurenende stoffer, specifikt overfladeareal, kationbytningskapacitet, regnorm undgåelse og spiring og andre foreslået af Den Internationale Biochar Initiative (IBI) skal udføres. I 2013 den første standardiseret produkt Definition og produkttest retningslinjer for Biochar, der fastsætter standarder for biochar fysiske og kemiske egenskaber, blev offentliggjort og gjort offentligt tilgængelige.

Forskning har vist, at biochar produceret på en kommerciel drivhus i Odessa, ON, Canada har evnen til markant at forbedre plantevækst i intenst forringet jord og sorb persistente organiske miljøgifte (POP), såsom PCB 2, 3. Denne biochar er fremstillet af treforskellige råmaterialer (dvs. organisk stof kilder) via en kedel system, hvor den producerede varme anvendes til at varme deres drivhus drift i vintermånederne.

Denne undersøgelse giver karakterisering data er relevante for produktionen af ​​biochar i en biomasse kedel, og brugen af ​​biochar som ændring jord. Formålet med denne undersøgelse er at grundigt karakterisere de fysiske, kemiske og biologiske egenskaber seks biochars efter standarder fastsat af IBI i deres standardiseret produkt Definition og produkttest retningslinjer (Version 1.1) (2013). Disse egenskaber vil blive knyttet, hvor det er muligt, at effektiviteten af ​​hver biochar som rå- ændringer og deres evne til at sorbere forureninger.

Protocol

BEMÆRK: Kemiske analyser blev udført på Analytical Services Unit (ASU) i School of Environmental Studies ved Dronningens University (Kingston, ON). Den ASU er akkrediteret af den canadiske Association for Laboratory Accreditation (CALA) for specifikke tests, der er anført i omfanget af akkreditering. Andre analyser, herunder drivhusgasser forsøg, blev udført på The Royal Military College of Canada (Kingston, ON) på Institut for Kemi og Kemiteknik. 1. Generelle overvejelser …

Representative Results

En oversigt over alle resultater, herunder en sammenligning med de kriterier, som Det IBI 13 kan findes i tabel 1 (oversigt), 2 (Ny, høj, lav, Tredje råvare og High-2 biochars) og 3 (Old biochar). Alle biochars og råmaterialer, der anvendes i 2012 og 2013 (tabel 2) var godt inden for kriterium fastsat af IBI og der var lidt forskelle blandt biochars. Gamle biochar (tabel 3), den første biochar til prøvning, blev foretage…

Discussion

Alle de metoder, der er anført i protokollen er blevet omhyggeligt valideret og flittigt brugt til jord. Som biochar karakterisering er stadig i sin vorden, effektiviteten af ​​disse metoder til kulstof-rige substrat var stort set ukendt. Så selv disse metoder selv er ikke ny, deres anvendelse på rutinemæssigt karakterisere biochar er. Målt kvalitetssikring / kvalitetskontrol af, var der ingen problemer blandt nogen af ​​de metoder, i forhold til emnerne bliver under detektionsgrænsen eller inddrivelser er…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Government of Canada’s Federal Economic Development Agency (FedDev) Applied Research and Commercialization Extension to Queen’s University (Dr. Allison Rutter and Dr. Darko Matovic). Sincerest thank you to Burt’s Greenhouses (Odessa, ON) for providing the biochars. Special thanks to Yuxing Cui of the CBRN Protection Group at RMC and staff of the ASU and Zeeb Lab for their ongoing support.

Materials

Name of Material/ Equipment Company Catalog Number Comments/Description
Biochar Burt's Greenhouses All six biochars were produced at Burt's Greenhouses via BlueFlame Boiler system
NaOAc Fisher Scientific E124-4 Dissolving 136.08 g of NaOAC.3H2O in 750mL distilled, deionized  water (DDI water)
Acetic Acid Fisher Scientific A38-212
Sodium Hydroxide Fisher Scientific SS284-1
Isopropanol Fisher Scientific A416P4 80% IPA- 800 mL IPA with 200 mL DDI water. 
NH4Cl Fisher Scientific A649500 Dissolving 5.35 g NH4Cl into 1 L DDI water. 
Alumminum Drying Pan Fisher Scientific 08-732-110
Drying Oven Fisher Scientific 508N0024 200°C for 2 hours.
Desiccator Fisher Scientific 08-595A
Balance Mettler 1113032410
Saturating Solution Fisher Scientific 06-664-25
Vortex Barnstead/Thermolyne 871000536389   
Centrifuge International Equipment Company 24372808 3000 g for 5 mins.
Rinsing Solution Fisher Scientific (Ricca Chemistry Company) 06-664-24
Conductivity Meter WESCAN 88298
Replacing Solution Fisher Scientific 06-664-24
ICP-AES Varian EL00053841
ASAP 2000 Surface Area Analyser  Cavlon 885 Degassing at 120°C for a minimum of 2 hours.
Muffle Furnace Fisher Scientific 806N0024 Heat for 16 hours covering at 420°C.
pH Meter Fisher Scientific 1230185263
Sieve Fisher Scientific 2288926 4.7 mm sieve being at the top.
Sieve Skaker Meinzer II 0414-02 Shake for 10 min.
Sodium Sulphate VWR EM-SX0761-5
Ottawa Sand Fisher Scientific S23-3
Soxhlet Apparatus Fisher Scientific (Pyrex) 09-557A 4 hours at 4–6 cycles per hour.
DCBP Suprlco Analytical 48318   
Dichloromethane Sigma Aldrich 40042-40855-U
6890 Plus Gas Chromatograph Micro 63 Ni ECD Agilent US00034778
Helium AlphaGaz SPG-NIT1AL50SMART
Nitrogen AlphaGaz SPG-HEL1AL50SMART
Mortor and Pestle Fisher Scientific (CoorsTeh) 12-948G
Nitric Acid Fisher Scientific 351288212
No. 40 Filter Paper Fisher Scientific (Whatman) 09-845A
Quartz/Nickel weigh boats Fisher Scientific 11-474-210
DMA-80 ATS Scientific 5090264
98-99% Formic Acid Sigma Aldrich 33015-1L 1L volumetric filled to 750 mL with DDI water add 20 mL formic acid and fill to volume with DDI water.
Sonicator Fisher Sientific 15338284
Rotating Shaker New Brunswick Scientific (Innova 2100) 14-278-108 1 hour at 200 rpm.
No. 42 Filter Paper Fisher Scientific (Whatman) 09-855A
WhirlPacks Fisher Scientific R55048
Potassium Dihydrogen Orthophospahte Fisher Scientific 181525
2M KCl Fisher Scientific P282100
Plastic Vials Fisher Scientific 03-337-20
Ammonium Chloride Fisher Scientific PX05115 Allow to warm up to room temperature
Colour Reagent Fisher Scientific 361028260 Allow to warm up to room temperature
Colorimeter Fisher Scientific 13-642-400 Turn on to let the lamp warm up and run for 5 minutes.
ASEAL Auto Analyzer 2 SEAL 4723A12068
Liquified Phenol Fisher Scientific MPX05115 Alkaline Phenol- Measure 87 mL of liquefied phenol into 1-L volumetric filled 2/3 with DDI water.  Add 34 g NaOH, make up to volume with DDI water.
NaOH Fisher Scientific S318-3
Commercial Bleach Retail Store Hypochlorite Solution- using 100-mL graduated cylinder measure 31.5 mL of commercial bleach and fill to 100 mL with DDI water.  
NaOH Pellets Fisher Scientific S320-1
Disodium EDTA Sigma Aldrich E5124
Sodium Hyprchlorite Fisher Scientific SS290-1
Triton (10%) Fisher Scientific BP151-100
Sodium Nitroprusside Fisher Scientific S350-100
Ammonium Salts Fisher Scientific A637-10
Phenoxide Fisher Scientific AC388611000
Eisenia Fetida The Worm Factory
Spade Retail Store
Bucket Retail Store
Potting Soil Retail Store
Avoidance Wheel Environment Canada Constructed by a modified design from Environment Canada’s Acute Avoidance Test.
Alumminum Foil Fisher Scientific 01-213-100
Petri Dishes Fisher Scientific 08-757-11 8.5 cm in diameter.
Pumpkin Seeds Ontario Seed Company (OSC) 2055
Alfalpha Seeds Ontario Seed Company (OSC) 6675
Centrifuge Tubes (30mL) Fisher Scientific  22-038-906
Beakers (50mL) Fisher Scientific (Pyrex) 02-540G Oven dry at 105oC.
Beakers (30mL) Fisher Scientific (Pyrex) 20-540C
Erlenmeyer Flasks (125mL) Fisher Scientific (Pyrex) S76106C
Volumetric Flask (100mL) Fisher Scientific (Pyrex) 10-211C
Estuarine Sediment National Insititute of Standards 1546A Standard Reference Material
Bleach Clorox Ultra (5-10% sodium hypochlorite)

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Denyes, M. J., Parisien, M. A., Rutter, A., Zeeb, B. A. Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites. J. Vis. Exp. (93), e52183, doi:10.3791/52183 (2014).

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