The upper respiratory system contains the nose, oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx.
The nose and nasal cavity form the external …
The lower respiratory tract comprises the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs, and pleurae.
The larynx, positioned between the pharynx and the …
The physiology of respiration involves three fundamental processes: ventilation, oxygenation, and the dynamics of compliance and resistance.
Ventilation …
The regulation of respiration is mediated by a cluster of neurons in the brainstem known as the respiratory centers.
The respiratory centers are divided …
Inspection is the initial step in assessing the respiratory system. It involves observing the following components.
Initially, the chest configuration is …
Palpation is a method of assessing the respiratory tract to detect tenderness, masses, lesions, respiratory excursions, and fremitus.
First, the nurse …
Auscultation is a crucial method in respiratory assessment that provides vital information about airflow and lung obstructions.
Begin by instructing the …
Inspection and percussion methods of examination help detect respiratory system abnormalities.
Abnormalities detected during the inspection include the …
Exercise is a stress to the pulmonary vasculature. With incremental exercise, the pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) must increase to meet the increased …
Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic …
Respiratory oscillometry is a different modality of pulmonary function testing that is increasingly used in a clinical and research setting to provide …
