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Chapter 2

Bioquímica da Célula

Overview Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of …
Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of …
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. …
Overview Lipids are a group of structurally and functionally diverse organic compounds that are insoluble in water. Certain classes of lipids, such as …
Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar …
Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide …
Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its …
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions …
Noncovalent attractions are associations within and between molecules that influence the shape and structural stability of complexes. These interactions …

pH

The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). …
The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process …
The nematode C. elegans has emerged as an important model for the study of conserved genetic pathways regulating fat metabolism as it relates to human …
TruTip is a simple nucleic acid extraction technology whereby a porous, monolithic binding matrix is inserted into a pipette tip. The geometry of the …
Many microorganisms are capable of producing and secreting exopolysaccharides (EPS), which have important implications in medical fields, food …