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Chapter 15

Chapter 15

The Muscular System

The muscular system includes the skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles that coordinate with each other to carry out functions like movement, digestion, …
Fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle. Muscle fascicle arrangement is directly associated with the power and range of motion of …
The skeletal muscles can coordinate, oppose, or assist each other to facilitate voluntary body movements. Depending on their function, a muscle or group …
Skeletal muscle names are based on various factors, such as location, physical traits, and functions. Often, muscle names indicate their location. For …
Skeletal muscles are mainly divided into two groups: the axial and the appendicular. The axial muscles present along the body's midline are primarily …
The muscles responsible for facial expressions usually originate in the fascia of deeper muscles or skull bones and insert into the skin. As a result, any …
The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for …
The anterior neck muscles are classified as suprahyoid and infrahyoid based on their position relative to the hyoid bone. The suprahyoid muscles — …
Multiple neck muscles help to balance the head and facilitate its movement at the atlanto-occipital joint. For example, the bilateral sternocleidomastoid, …
The back muscles associated with the vertebral column are divided into superficial, intermediate, and deep layers. The superficial layer contains the …
The deep thoracic intercostal muscles and the diaphragm are crucial for breathing. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscular structure separating the …
The wall around the abdominal cavity can be divided into anterolateral and posterior regions. The walls of the anterolateral region comprise five paired …
The pelvic diaphragm marks the inferior margin of the abdominopelvic cavity. It is formed by the paired levator ani and coccygeus muscles, which attach to …
The shoulder muscles provide stability and mobility to the shoulder joint. The anterior shoulder muscles include the subclavius, pectoralis minor, and …
Arm muscles are categorized into axial and scapular muscles. The two axial muscles are the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi. The pectoralis major has …
Muscles that move the forearm flex and extend at the elbow joint and pronate and supinate at the radioulnar joints. The biceps brachii, brachialis, and …
The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location …
The thigh's motion is primarily governed by muscles originating in the pelvic girdle and inserted into the femur. One crucial muscle, the iliopsoas, …
The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh. Anterior …
The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into …
“Affective” touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. …
Muscle fascicle length, which is commonly measured in vivo using traditional ultrasound, is an important parameter defining a muscle’s force …
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a common tool used to measure the behavior of motor circuits in healthy and neurologically impaired …