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Chapter 2

化学平衡

Chapter 2

Chemical Equilibria

When a salt dissolves in water, the cation and anion dissociate. Each ion attracts ions of the opposite charge due to electrostatic attraction. This ionic …
Adding 50 mmol of potassium nitrate to a liter of saturated aqueous calcium sulfate solution leads to the concentrations of dissolved calcium and sulfate …
The activity of a species is a measure of its effective concentration and considers additional factors, like the effect of electrolytes on the chemical …
Activity is the measure of effective concentration. It is unitless and can be expressed as the product of the molar concentration of the species and its …
Recall that the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt increases with the addition of an inert salt in a phenomenon known as the salt effect. The extent …
The activity coefficient of an ion depends on the ionic strength of the solution. As indicated by the Debye–Hückel theory, when the ionic …
In systems with multiple equilibria, the equilibrium calculations use a systematic approach involving a series of steps to make sure there are as many …
The definition of the pH of a solution as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration is valid only for an ideal solution. In practice, the …
Ladder diagrams are graphical representations useful for evaluating the chemistry of a given system during analysis. A Ladder diagram used for assessing …
Ladder diagrams representing redox equilibria use electrochemical potential, E, as their scale. Consider the half-cell reaction between Fe3+ and an …
For metal-ligand complexation equilibria, the scale of the ladder diagram is denoted by the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, where the …
Consider a saturated solution of sparingly soluble salt calcium fluoride with excess solid calcium fluoride. The already dissolved calcium fluoride has …
Water is a weak electrolyte and undergoes a small amount of self-ionization. At any given temperature, the concentration of undissociated water is …
In complexation reactions, metal cations form complexes with compounds called ligands with unshared pairs of electrons that satisfy the metal ion …
Recall that in complexation, metal ions react with ligands to form complexes. These ligands can be either monodentate with one donor site or polydentate …
An Oxidation-reduction or redox reaction involves the transfer of electrons from the reducing agent to the oxidizing agent. Species that undergo an …
In chemistry, titrimetric methods are broadly classified into three types: volumetric, gravimetric, and coulometric. Volumetric titrations involve …
Titrimetric analysis in solution chemistry involves measuring the volume of solutions and is often called volumetric analysis. The standard solution of …
The stability of metal complexes depends on the nature of the central metal ion and the attached ligands. So, small ions with a high positive charge on …
This paper describes the synthesis and peroxide-modification of nanosize monosodium titanate (nMST), along with an ion-exchange reaction to load the …
The main limitation of NMR-based investigations is low sensitivity. This prompts for long acquisition times, thus preventing real-time NMR measurements of …
Tetraiodine nonoxide (I4O9) has been synthesized using a dry approach that combines elemental oxygen and iodine without the introduction of hydrated …