Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
概要
The deep branch of the radial nerve can easily be compressed at the arcade of Frohse due to its anatomical features. Ultrasound-guided needle release combined with corticosteroid injection is an effective and safe treatment for deep branch radial nerve adhesion.
Abstract
The two main branches of the radial nerve (RN) are the deep branch (DBRN) and the superficial branch (SBRN). The RN splits into two main branches at the elbow. The DBRN runs between the deep and shallow layers of the supinator. The DBRN can be easily compressed at the arcade of Frohse (AF) due to its anatomical features. This work focuses on a 42-year-old male patient who had injured his left forearm 1 month prior. Multiple muscles of the forearm (extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, and extensor carpi ulnaris) were sutured in another hospital. After that, he had dorsiflexion limitations in his left ring and little fingers. The patient was reluctant to undergo another operation because he had undergone suture surgeries for multiple muscles 1 month prior. Ultrasound revealed that the deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN) had edema and was thickened. The exit point of the DBRN had deeply adhered to the surrounding tissue. To relieve this, ultrasound-guided needle release plus a corticosteroid injection were performed on the DBRN. Nearly 3 months later, the dorsal extension in the patient’s ring and little fingers was significantly improved (ring finger: −10°, little finger: −15°). Then, the same treatment was done for the second time. Nearly 1 month after that, the dorsal extension of the ring and the little finger was normal when the joints of the fingers were fully straightened. Ultrasound could evaluate the condition of the DBRN and its relationship with the surrounding tissues. Ultrasound-guided needle release combined with corticosteroid injection is an effective and safe treatment for DBRN adhesion.
Introduction
The radial nerve (RN) splits into two main branches at the elbow level: the deep branch (DBRN) and the superficial branch (SBRN). The DBRN originates from the main trunk of the RN at the level of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus1. The DBRN curves around the neck of the radius and then goes through under the tendinous arch of the superficial edge of the supinator muscle, which is called the arcade of Frohse2. This anatomical site is the most common entrapment site of the DBRN at the forearm3,4. In some rare cases, the DBRN can be compressed from the entrance to the exit of supinator5. The entrapment of the DBRN can cause pain in the lateral-dorsal proximal forearm and weakness of the wrist extensor muscles6,7,8.
When a nerve is injured, nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG) sometimes show abnormal results indicating that the nerve is damaged. Although EMG is an established method and provides functional information about nerve disease, it lacks the ability to detect anatomical and morphological information related to the nerve9. Besides that, the sensitivity and specificity of EMG are not very high at early stages of nerve injury. Ultrasound can easily detect peripheral nerves and show them in sonographic imaging. Many studies have reported the value of high-frequency ultrasound in diagnosing the entrapment of peripheral nerves5. It has great potential as a diagnostic method for finding peripheral nerves. Babaei-Ghazani et al. reported ultrasonographic values for the DBRN at the arcade of Frohse, and they concluded that age was associated with the cross-sectional area (CSA) of DBRN, while other features such as height or gender were not1. Some studies have reported that corticosteroid injections are effective in treating musculoskeletal diseases10,11. However, until now, there have been no reports on ultrasound-guided needle release plus a corticosteroid injection in the DBRN for treating adhesion. Here, we report a method that can separate the adhesion without open surgery. A male patient who had a dorsiflexion limitation in his left ring and little fingers was treated using this method. This patient had injured his left forearm 1 month prior to the treatment. Multiple muscles of the forearm (the extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, and extensor carpi ulnaris) were sutured in another hospital. His DBRN had edema and was thickened, and the exit point of DBRN was deeply adhered to the surrounding tissue. After treatment using US-guided needle release and corticosteroid injection of the DBRN, the patient's dorsal extension of the ring and the little finger was normal when the joints of the fingers were fully straightened.
Protocol
This study was approved by the ethical and scientific review board of our hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient. All the treatment procedures were performed by personnel with 10 years of experience in musculoskeletal ultrasound intervention. The operator must have good knowledge of musculoskeletal anatomy. The ultrasound machine used here is mentioned in the Table of Materials and has a high-frequency probe.
1. Instrument setup and patient preparation
- Enter the ID number and the patient's name to save the images.
- Sanitize the ultrasound probe using equipment disinfectant wipes. Perform all the procedures with the probe covered with surgical gloves.
- Set the image with the DBRN in the middle of the screen. To do this, perform cross-sectional scanning along the supinator muscle to find the DBRN. Then, rotate 90° to obtain a long-axis section. Under continuous ultrasound guidance, separate the adhesion between the surrounding tissue of the posterior spin muscles and the DBRN.
- Ask the patient to sit and place their arm in a flexed 20° position on the examination bed. Perform ultrasound to check for DBRN adhesion to the surrounding tissue (Figure 1; Video 1).
2. Ultrasound examination and treatment
- Use complex iodine to disinfect the patient's skin three times, and then place a sterile surgical towel on the patient's arm.
- Provide local anesthesia using a 10 mL aliquot of a mixed solution (5 mL of 2% lidocaine and 5 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride) layer by layer until the DBRN surface is reached (Figure 2). The four layers that are anesthetized include the skin, the subcutaneous soft tissue, the brachioradialis, and the superficial supinator muscle. Confirm the anesthetization of each layer using ultrasound guidance, and check that the tip of the needle passes through each layer.
- Identify the radial nerve by transversely using the probe at the level of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. The radial nerve is located between the humerus muscle and the brachioradial muscle. Then, move the probe distally to find the deep branch of the radial nerve between the deep and superficial layers of the supinator.
- Use a 5 mL syringe to separate the adhesion between the surrounding tissue of the posterior spin muscles and the DBRN under the continuous ultrasound guidance. Perform needle release from the DBRN distal area to the proximal area. Prick the adhesion tissue back and forth with the tip. Stop when there is resistance between the syringe and the tissues around the DBRN.
- Ensure that the probe and the needle are accurately controlled, keep the tip of the needle visible during the entire operation, and avoid damage to the DBRN.
- After the procedure, inject a mixture of 1 mL of corticosteroid (betamethasone) and 2 mL of 2% lidocaine into the superficial area of the DBRN.
Representative Results
At 1 month after the treatment, the joints of the fingers were fully straightened, and the dorsal extension of the ring and little fingers was significantly improved upon fully straightening the fingers (ring finger: −15°, little finger: −25°). At 3 months after the treatment, the patient came back for re-examination of the DBRN. The range of DBRN adhesions, as assessed by ultrasound, was significantly reduced compared to before the treatment. The dorsal extension of the ring and little fingers was also improved (ring finger: −10°, little finger: −15°; Figure 3; Video 2). At 1 month after the same treatment was performed for the second time, the dorsal extension of the ring and the little fingers was normal when the joints of the fingers were fully straightened (ring finger: 0°, little finger: 0°; Figure 4).
Figure 1: Physical examination upon admission and ultrasound findings. (A) When the patient's finger joints were fully straightened, there was obvious restriction of the dorsal extension of the ring and little fingers (ring finger: −30°, little finger: −40°, white arrow). (B) Ultrasound of the long-axis view showed that the deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN) was obviously edematous and thickened (white arrow). The exit point of the DBRN was adhered to the surrounding tissues (white dotted arrow). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 2: Ultrasound image from the first treatment. We separated the adhesion between the surrounding tissue using needle release. A mixture of 1 mL of corticosteroid (betamethasone) and 2 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected into the superficial area of the DBRN. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 3: Ultrasound image from the second treatment. (A) At 1 month after the first treatment, when the joints of the fingers were fully straightened, the patient's dorsal extension of the ring and little fingers was significantly improved (ring finger: −15°, little finger: −25°, white arrow). (B) At 3 months later, the patient's dorsal extension of the ring and little fingers was further improved (ring finger: −10°, little finger: −15°, white arrow). (C) The ultrasound image showed that the DBRN area adhered to the surrounding tissues was significantly reduced 3 months after the first treatment (white dotted arrow). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 4: The subsequent treatment. At 1 month after the same treatment was done for the second time, the patient's dorsal extension of the ring and the little fingers was normal when the joints of the fingers were fully straightened (ring finger: 0°, little finger: 0°, white arrow). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Video 1: Ultrasound video before treatment. Please click here to download this Video.
Video 2: Ultrasound video after treatment. Please click here to download this Video.
Discussion
In recent years, ultrasound has become a valuable tool for assessing peripheral nerve entrapments. Ultrasound can be used to observe nerves in real-time and provide dynamic visualization12. The obvious sonographic indicator of entrapment is the increased nerve CSA at the site of entrapment13,14. Other findings such as a hypoechoic texture, nerve flattening, and increased vascularity are also reported in entrapment neuropathy15.
RN entrapment syndrome accounts for about 0.7% of nontraumatic upper extremity lesions. RN entrapment syndrome is less common compared with ulnar and median nerve entrapment syndromes. The RN can be stretched or compressed in patients who have undergone surgery16. Radial tunnel syndrome involves forearm pain that is caused by a compressive injury of the DBRN. Home keeping occupations, sport practice, and professional activities can cause these issues17. The most common anatomical part of RN that experiences compression is the proximal edge of the superficial layer of the supinator muscle, which is called the arcade of Frohse (AF). Frohse and Frankel first described this anatomical tendinous structure in 1908. The pronation and supination of the forearm can increase the harm caused by the compression of the DBRN due to a fibrous AF4,18.
In this case, we found that after the first surgery, when the joints of the fingers were fully straightened, the dorsal extension of the ring and little fingers had obvious limitations (ring finger: −30°, little finger: −40°). Ultrasound examination showed that the thickened DBRN was deeply adhered to the surrounding tissues at the exit point. Due to the patient’s last surgery 1 month ago, he was reluctant to undergo further surgery. Therefore, he twice underwent ultrasound-guided needle release of the DBRN combined with a corticosteroid injection to relieve the adhesion between the DBRN and the surrounding tissue. At 1 month after the second treatment, the patient’s dorsal extension of the ring and the little finger was normal when the joints of the fingers were fully straightened (ring finger: 0°, little finger: 0°).
With the help of real-time ultrasound guidance, we can observe the nerve and its surrounding tissues accurately and safely. A high-frequency linear-array transducer (>10 MHz) is the best choice for visualizing both superficial tissues and peripheral nerve injections. All the nerve injection procedures in this study were performed with sterile techniques; for example, the probe was covered with surgical gloves, and complex iodine was used to disinfect the patient’s skin. There are many regimens that can be used for nerve hydro-dissection. For example, low-concentration dextrose was the first one used for hydro-location during regional anesthesia19. Another research study showed that hydro-dissection of the median nerve could be performed precisely by using saline under the guidance of ultrasound20. In our study, we used 5 mL of 2% lidocaine and 5 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride to perform the hydro-dissection. A recent study reported that 5% dextrose and platelet-rich plasma injections were valuable regiments in treating carpal tunnel syndrome, and the results of the treatment, including the symptom relief, were better than with saline and corticosteroid injections21. Although platelet-rich plasma injections are expensive and the preparation process is complex, they need to be further studied due to their potentially better effects.
Swelling and adhesion decrease gradually after trauma, and the length of time this takes depends on the severity of the injury, the location of the injury, and how well the injury is treated. In general, mild swelling from a minor injury typically goes down within a few days to 1 week. However, more severe swelling from a major injury could last several weeks or even a few months. This process can be aided with needle release combined with corticosteroid injection.
There are several points to be learned from this case. First, the operator should know the anatomy of the hand in detail and have excellent technical skills in procedures involving the needle release of peripheral nerves. Second, ultrasound is a useful observation tool in pre-operative, intraoperative, and post-operative studies when performing peripheral nerve treatment. Ultrasound images can provide information on the location of the nerves and their relationship with the surrounding tissues. Third, needle release combined with an injection to the peripheral nerves has great challenges. Nerves adhered to the surrounding tissues may have indistinct borders. Additionally, peripheral nerves are small and move easily when the body moves slightly, so the injection to the targeted nerve requires good operator skills.
開示
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the General Scientific Research Project of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department, China (Grant No. Y202249231).
Materials
| Betamethasone | MSD Merck Sharp & Dohme AG | B7005-100MG | |
| Injection syringe | Hangzhou Minsheng Pharmaceutical Co., LTD | 5 mL and 10 mL | |
| Lidocaine | Shanghai Zhaohui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD | H41022244 | 7 mL |
| Sodium chloride | Hangzhou Minsheng Pharmaceutical Co., LTD | http://www.mspharm.com/pro_list.asp?PageNumber=3&info_kind=004001 &d_add_date1=&d_add_date2=& skind=&p_keys= |
5 mL |
| Ultrasonic diagnostic system | SIEMENS | Type:ACUSON Sequoia |
参考文献
- Babaei-Ghazani, A., et al. Ultrasonographic reference values for the deep branch of the radial nerve at the arcade of Frohse. Journal of Ultrasound. 21 (3), 225-231 (2018).
- Ozkan, M., Bacakoglu, A. K., Gul, O., Ekin, A., Magden, O. Anatomic study of posterior interosseous nerve in the arcade of Frohse. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 8 (6), 617-620 (1999).
- Keefe, D. T., Lintner, D. M. Nerve injuries in the throwing elbow. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. 23 (4), 723-742 (2004).
- Konjengbam, M., Elangbam, J. Radial nerve in the radial tunnel: anatomic sites of entrapment neuropathy. Clinical Anatomy. 17 (1), 21-25 (2004).
- Chang, K. V., Wu, W. T., Ozcakar, L. Ultrasound imaging for a rare cause of postpartum forearm pain: Diffuse enlargement rather than focal swelling of the deep branch of the radial nerve. Pain Medicine. 21 (1), 203-205 (2020).
- Dang, A. C., Rodner, C. M. Unusual compression neuropathies of the forearm, part I: Radial nerve. Journal of Hand Surgery. American Volume. 34 (10), 1906-1914 (2009).
- Sarris, I. K., Papadimitriou, N. G., Sotereanos, D. G. Radial tunnel syndrome. Techniques in Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery. 6 (4), 209-212 (2002).
- Ozcakar, L., Kara, M., Gurcay, E., Onat, S. S. Ultrasound imaging for prompt clinical decision making before interventions. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 96 (3), (2017).
- Domkundwar, S., Autkar, G., Khadilkar, S. V., Virarkar, M. Ultrasound and EMG-NCV study (electromyography and nerve conduction velocity) correlation in diagnosis of nerve pathologies. Journal of Ultrasound. 20 (2), 111-122 (2017).
- Chang, K. V., Wu, W. T., Han, D. S., Ozcakar, L. Static and dynamic shoulder imaging to predict initial effectiveness and recurrence after ultrasound-guided subacromial corticosteroid injections. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 98 (10), 1984-1994 (2017).
- Wu, W. T., et al. Subacromial motion metrics in painful shoulder impingement: A dynamic quantitative ultrasonography analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 104 (2), 260-269 (2023).
- Martinoli, C., et al. Sonography of entrapment neuropathies in the upper limb (wrist excluded). Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. 32 (9), 438-450 (2004).
- Cartwright, M. S., Walker, F. O. Neuromuscular ultrasound in common entrapment neuropathies. Muscle and Nerve. 48 (5), 696-704 (2013).
- Rota, E., Morelli, N. Entrapment neuropathies in diabetes mellitus. World Journal of Diabetes. 7 (17), 342-353 (2016).
- Miller, T. T., Reinus, W. R. Nerve entrapment syndromes of the elbow, forearm, and wrist. American Journal of Roentgenology. 195 (3), 585-594 (2010).
- Zeng, Z., Chen, C. X. Ultrasound-guided needle release plus corticosteroid injection of superficial radial nerve: A case report. World Journal of Clinical Cases. 10 (4), 1320-1325 (2022).
- Barnum, M., Mastey, R. D., Weiss, A. P., Akelman, E. Radial tunnel syndrome. Hand Clinics. 12 (4), 679-689 (1996).
- Spinner, M. The arcade of Frohse and its relationship to posterior interosseous nerve paralysis. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 50 (4), 809-812 (1968).
- Dufour, E., et al. Ultrasound-guided perineural circumferential median nerve block with and without prior dextrose 5% hydrodissection: A prospective randomized double-blinded noninferiority trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 115 (3), 728-733 (2012).
- Wu, Y. T., et al. Nerve hydrodissection for carpal tunnel syndrome: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Muscle and Nerve. 59 (2), 174-180 (2019).
- Lin, C. P., Chang, K. V., Huang, Y. K., Wu, W. T., Ozcakar, L. Regenerative injections including 5% dextrose and platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Pharmaceuticals. 13 (3), (2020).
