本研究的目的是确定漂白和氯气灭菌对不育培养基上的拟南芥种子萌发的影响。为防止微生物污染物的生长, 在满足种子存活的同时, 制定了优化的灭菌规程。
拟南芥(拟南芥) 幼苗往往需要在无菌培养基上生长。这就要求预先进行种子灭菌, 以防止种子表面存在的微生物污染物的生长。目前, 拟南芥种子使用两种截然不同的杀菌技术进行灭菌, 这种方法在实验室之间稍有不同, 而且没有标准化, 通常只会导致部分有效的灭菌或过度的种子死亡。大多数这些方法也不容易扩展到大量不同基因型的种子线。随着对拟南芥高通量分析技术的不断扩散, 对不同基因型的大量种子进行杀菌的标准化技术成为进行这些类型实验的关键。根据种子萌发率和微生物和其他病原菌对种子的污染程度, 对两种不同的拟南芥品系的反应进行了评价。这些治疗包括不同浓度的杀菌剂和暴露时间, 并结合确定拟南芥种子灭菌的最佳条件。为两种不同的杀菌方法: 漂白 (液相) 和氯 (Cl2) 气体 (蒸气相) 的优化协议, 两者都导致了高种子萌发率和极小的微生物污染。通过对野生类型和突变种子的试验, 说明了这些协议的实用性。我们的结果表明, 种子可以有效地消毒使用的任何一种方法, 没有过多的种子死亡, 虽然消毒的有害影响, 种子的萌芽潜力低于最佳。此外, 还建立了一个方程式, 使研究人员能够将标准的氯气灭菌条件应用于不同尺寸的密闭容器中。此处所述的协议允许对大量拟南芥线进行简单、高效和廉价的种子灭菌。
拟南芥(拟南芥) 是植物生物学基础和应用研究的主要模型生物体1,2,3。虽然标准条件为拟南芥生长已经建立了良好的4, 种子杀菌对种子活力的影响没有经过严格的测试。在板或盒中的固体培养基通常用来促进拟南芥幼苗的生长, 许多实验应用, 如分离种群中的合合致死突变体的鉴定, 早期观察和根表型分期、无病原组织的分离、大量苗木组织的采集、转化或耐药植物的选育及发芽评价1,2,3,4.从温室或生长室种植的植物中收获的种子偶尔会受到微生物和灰尘的污染。拟南芥幼苗在不同类型的无菌培养基上的生长需要预先进行种子灭菌, 以清除种子表面存在的真菌和细菌等微生物污染物。有效的种子杀菌机制的使用对于平衡高发芽、最小污染和旺盛的植物生长至关重要。
用于拟南芥种子灭菌的两种最常用方法是基于商业漂白剂 (液相) 和氯气 (气相)。已采用各种程序进行液相灭菌1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 和气相灭菌的拟南芥种子8,10,11,12131415 ,16。然而, 虽然这些程序是有效的完成种子灭菌的使用基因型, 详细分析了不同的杀菌处理对不同基因型种子的影响, 没有报告。因此, 需要对这些灭菌程序进行优化, 以确定有效杀菌与高萌发率相结合的条件。
拟南芥生物资源中心 (ABRC) 是唯一的定位到) 测试种子活力的各种不同的基因型在收集和 b) 利用的质量控制程序在内部应用, 并响应用户反馈关于种子发芽。本文的实验目的是确定各种灭菌方法对拟南芥基因型的种子萌发的影响。针对漂白和氯气灭菌, 提出了优化的灭菌程序, 使种子萌发率高, 同时保持最小的病原体污染。
当在无菌培养基上生长拟南芥种子时, 必须采用某种形式的灭菌。漂白剂和氯气的杀菌处理均导致相似的发芽率和霉菌生长抑制。两种灭菌方法均不能显著降低萌发潜能种子的发芽率;然而, 对于具有较低发芽电位的线 (20-70%), 由于小的, 虽然显著, 与气体灭菌相比, 发芽率的提高 (图 3A), 建议使用漂白剂灭菌。
将拟南芥种子从40-100% 的漂白剂中消毒10分钟, 可获得满意的发芽率和有效的防霉效果。虽然漂白剂浓度低于40% 为大多数种子地段提供了足够的消毒, 使用浓度为40% 或更高的保证有效杀菌的甚至严重污染的种子地段。在使用漂白剂浓度等于或高于80% 的情况下, 不超过10分钟的灭菌是很重要的, 以避免高种子死亡和幼苗发育的缺陷。
用6.1% 或16.5% 的氯气浓度对拟南芥种子进行1小时的处理, 会导致高发芽率和适当的霉菌消除。低氯气体浓度 (2.1%) 可通过将灭菌时间增加到 3 h 来成功使用。
当需要消毒的线路很少时, 建议在溶液中用50% 漂白水进行10分钟的液体灭菌。对于更多的线, 气体的浓度为6.1% 的气体消毒1小时是一个更好的选择, 因为许多线路可以迅速和容易地消毒, 减少操作。
我们的研究结果为对不同基因型的大量种子和具有较低发芽潜能的种子提供了标准化的杀菌条件。这些杀菌技术的唯一限制是, 它们不能用于种子发芽率小于20% 由于广泛的种子死亡率。替代方法, 如超声17, 在没有灭菌的情况下提高发芽率可能对这些病例有益。
The authors have nothing to disclose.
我们要感谢歌达塔在准备实验材料方面的帮助。我们也感谢贝蒂娜 Wittler 和詹姆斯. 曼对手稿的评论。这项工作得到了 NSF 赠款 DBI-1049341 和 MCB-1143813 的支持。
0.65 mL Microcentrifuge tubes | GeneMate | C-3260-5 | Tube in which Arabidopsis thaliana seeds are placed to perform sterilization |
1.7 mL Microcentrifuge tube | GeneMate | C-3262-1 | Tube in which Arabidopsis thaliana seeds are placed to perform sterilization |
7 L plastic container | Sistema | 1016265438 | Container in which gas sterilization is performed |
Concentrated HCl | Sigma-Aldrich | 320331 | Chemical used in the process of creating chlorine gas |
Disposable sterile inoculating loop | Fisher Scientific | 22-363-603 | Loop is used to spread or position Arabidopsis seeds on MS plates |
Gamborg’s vitamin solution | Sigma-Aldrich | G1019 | Vitamin solution used in the process of making MS media |
Household bleach | Clorox | Regular-Bleach2 | Chemical used in the process of creating chlorine gas and liquid sterliziation |
MES hydrate | Sigma-Aldrich | M2933 | Chemical used in the process of making MS media |
Micropore surgical tape | 3M | 1530-1 | Microporous surgical paper tape used to seal MS plates |
Murashige and Skoog basal salt mixture (MS) | Sigma-Aldrich | M5524 | Chemical used in the process of making MS media |
Parafilm M | Bemis Company | #PM996 | Parraffin film used to seal sterilization container |
Petri dish 100 X 15 mm | Fisher Scientific | FB0875713 | Petri dishes in which MS media is poured for the purpose of growing Arabidopsis thaliana |
pH indicator strips | Whatman | 2613991 | Used to check pH of neutralizied chlorine and sodium bicarbonate solution |
Phytoagar | Fisher Scientific | 50-255-212 | Used to aid in the suspension of Arabidopsis seeds in the process of plating seeds |
Sodium bicarbonate | Sigma-Aldrich | S5761 | Chemical used in the process of neutralizing chlorine gas reaction |
Sucrose | Sigma-Aldrich | S0389 | Chemical used in the process of making MS media |
Tween 20 | Fisher BioReagents | BP337-100 | Chemical used in the process of liquid sterilization |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | CS70000 (Col-0) | Arabidopsis wild-type seeds |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_037606C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_041402C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_059101C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_063470C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_072048C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_072240C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_081989C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_084124C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_085049C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_089717C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_107354C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_110111C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_111322C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_113109C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_114702C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_114872C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_115657C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_116803C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_039445C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_039782C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_043037C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_045828C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_048556C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_049514C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_049725C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_080816C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_081176C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_081770C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_082262C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_082289C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_082702C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_083630C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_084635C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_085337C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_085656C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_093049C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_103332C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_105336C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_105704C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_106388C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_109575C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_110580C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_110617C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_111424C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_111584C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_112097C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_113339C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_115837C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_019535C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_026478C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_046565C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_049258C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_049339C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_056307C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_081292C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_081597C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_083488C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_110573C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_112793C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_113658C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_113904C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_114673C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_114709C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_115455C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_013186C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_018261C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_062509C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_080639C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_088586C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_096651C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_106900C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_110131C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_111051C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_111245C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_113223C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_121391C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_125097C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_201905C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_210001C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_000662C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_029335C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_047760C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_071275C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_080530C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_103881C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_110864C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_120294C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_124390C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_132808C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_137036C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_139519C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_140643C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_142288C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_143304C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_147597C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_209076C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Group 5 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_081081C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Groups 5 and 1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds | ABRC; order through TAIR www.arabidopsis.org | SALK_107487C | Arabidopsis seeds used in testing as a part of Groups 5 and 2 |