The transcriptional heterogeneity within human adipose-derived stromal cells can be defined on the single cell level using cell surface markers and osteogenic genes. We describe a protocol utilizing flow cytometry for the isolation of cell subpopulations with increased osteogenic potential, which may be used to enhance craniofacial skeletal reconstruction.
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are considered the gold standard for stem cell-based tissue engineering applications. However, the process by which they must be harvested can be associated with significant donor site morbidity. In contrast, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are more readily abundant and more easily harvested, making them an appealing alternative to BM-MSCs. Like BM-MSCs, ASCs can differentiate into osteogenic lineage cells and can be used in tissue engineering applications, such as seeding onto scaffolds for use in craniofacial skeletal defects. ASCs are obtained from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of digested adipose tissue, which is a heterogeneous mixture of ASCs, vascular endothelial and mural cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, and circulating cells. Flow cytometric analysis has shown that the surface marker profile for ASCs is similar to that for BM-MSCs. Despite several published reports establishing markers for the ASC phenotype, there is still a lack of consensus over profiles identifying osteoprogenitor cells in this heterogeneous population. This protocol describes how to isolate and use a subpopulation of ASCs with enhanced osteogenic capacity to repair critical-sized calvarial defects.
The heterogeneous nature of stem cell populations is not yet fully understood and remains a major impediment to the development of clinically effective stem cell-based therapeutic applications. One of the most common ways to characterize a heterogeneous population of stem cells is to employ a cell sorting method, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), to separate cells based on their surface marker expression profiles. As sorting methods become more complex, it becomes possible to identify more distinct functional subpopulations of cells. Microfluidic-based technologies are becoming more and more frequently utilized in analysis of gene expression at the single cell level. Multiplexed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) within a microfluidic chip allows for effective and reliable high-resolution, single cell transcriptional analysis.1-5
In a previous study using single cell transcriptional profiling of 48 genes, considerable transcriptional heterogeneity was observed among ASCs.6 However, the distribution of genes MSX2, BMP-5, BMP-7, ALP, OCN, RUNX2 exhibited a strong association with a cluster of cells possessing highly osteogenic transcriptional profiles. To isolate cells according to this osteogenic gene expression profile, surface antigen expression patterns were correlated with transcription patterns and surface marker expression of endoglin (CD105) was subsequently discovered to closely correlate with enhanced osteogenic differentiation potential of ASCs. Independent of CD105 expression, expression of surface receptor Thy-1 (CD90), a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked membrane protein previously shown by Chen et al. to be associated with osteoprogenitor cells, was also correlated with osteogenic gene expression.6,7 These findings provide the opportunity to prospectively isolate subpopulations within the larger heterogeneous pool of ASCs with increased osteogenic capacity for cell-based bone tissue engineering applications.
NOTE: All patient samples were obtained with informed consent, and experimental protocols were reviewed and approved by Stanford University Institutional Review Board (Protocol #2188 and #9999).
1. Cell Isolation and Culture:
2. Staining
3. Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting
NOTE: The following steps mandate previous knowledge in fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or the assistance of a skilled technician.
Using CD90 as a marker for cells with enhanced osteogenesis results in isolation of a highly-enriched populations of human ASCs (Figure 1A, 1B). ASCs were stained with Pacific Blue-conjugated anti-human CD45, FITC-conjugated anti-human CD105, and APC-conjugated anti-human CD90. After sorting, the level of purity was greater than 98%, as quantified by post-sort analysis.
Defining groups of cells based on transcriptional profiles allowed for prospective isolation of two novel subpopulations. To characterize the osteogenic potential of each promising subpopulation (CD90+ and CD105low), as well as that of the unsorted population in vitro, cells were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium for 14 days, as previously described 6,8,9. Alkaline phosphatase staining (used for early detection of bone formation10) at Day 7 was significantly increased in the CD90+ population relative to other groups (Figure 2A). This was observed both grossly and after quantification (Figure 2A). Similarly, Alizarin Red staining (an assay used to detect extracellular matrix mineralization and a metric for end-terminal osteogenic differentiation9) at Day 14 showed that CD90+ ASCs were able to mineralize a significantly greater amount of extracellular matrix (Figure 2B). Isolated ASCs retain the ability to undergo osteogenic differentiation after sorting but may require a few days to recover. It is essential to perform all further experiments with low passage cells, as ASCs become senescent during propagation in culture.
Figure 1: (A) Gates for cell size and complexity were drawn to exclude cell debris and isolate a population of single cells for further analysis. (B) FACS analysis of single-sorted CD90 (left) and single-sorted CD105 (right) ASCs 36 hr after ASC harvest. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 2: (A) Alkaline phosphatase staining (top) and quantification (bottom) of ASCs after 7 days of culture in osteogenic differentiation medium. (B) Alizarin red staining (top) and quantification of staining (bottom) of ASCs after 14 days of culture in osteogenic differentiation medium. CD90+ ASCs and CD105low cells show increased alkaline phosphatase staining and extracellular matrix mineralization compared to unsorted cells (*p <0.05; two-tailed student’s t-test). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Currently, the isolation of homogenous subpopulations of ASCs from the SVF of human adipose tissue remains a challenging though desirable goal. Isolation of pro-osteogenic ASC subpopulations is particularly desirable, as such cells can be used to study the formation and homeostasis of skeletal tissues. However, the SVF of adipose tissue harbors significant heterogeneity with regard to stem cell capacity and differentiation potential.11 The molecular basis for this heterogeneity cannot be understood from pooled populations of cells, and instead requires single cell analysis.12 With this approach, surface markers closely associated with the osteogenic differentiation capacity of ASCs can be identified.
The most critical factor for successful enrichment of ASCs, as described in the above method, is related to the antibodies utilized for FACS. One must be prudent to select an antibody with a high affinity for the cell-surface marker in question. Ideally, it should be a primary conjugated antibody as opposed to an indirect staining method, which requires multiple steps and thus, increased chance of cell death, cell loss and error accrual. Furthermore, minor modifications during FACS can increase cell viability. These include sorting into a cool receptacle, keeping cells on ice at all times, sorting cells into receptacles which contain culture media and also, plating the acquired cell populations on culture plates which have been pre-coated with 10% gelatin. It is important to perform a post-sort purity analysis, in order to ensure the purity of the sorted cells.
This technique is limited by the availability of FACS equipment and expertise within a facility. Furthermore, as the primary samples are heterogeneous, the expression of surface markers will change on an individual basis. As aforementioned, it is essential to perform all experiments with low passage cells, as ASCs become senescent during propagation in culture. In addition, it is known that ASCs exhibit a shift in phenotypic expression under in vitro conditions which may alter the stem cell biology. Thus, for clinical translation, it would be optimal to obtain a highly purified cell population for direct transplantation or cell seeding to a scaffold without the need for in vitro cultivation. In addition, the large volumes of lipoaspirate which need to be processed to isolate the SVF can be burdensome to those unfamiliar with the technique, as discussed and addressed by Zuk and colleagues in a recent publication13. As per the method described by Zuk et al., this protocol can easily be scaled up or down to accommodate the volume of lipoaspirate and can be adapted to isolate ASCs from fat tissue obtained through abdominoplasties and other similar procedures.
CD90 and CD105 have previously been identified as early mesenchymal stem cell markers, both in BM-MSC and ASC populations. In keeping with previous research, the CD90+ population represented approximately 50% of the freshly isolated SVF.14 In contrast, only about 5-10% of the initial SVF expressed CD105.6 Notably, with successive passages, CD105 expression rapidly increased from almost zero to nearly ubiquitous expression after 4-7 days in culture. It is known that ASCs exhibit considerable phenotypic drift during in vitro expansion, which may alter the biology of stem cells.15-17 Ideally, clinical applications for stem cells would involve the immediate use of purified cell populations for direct transplantation or seeding upon a scaffold, without the need for in vitro cultivation. The percentage of CD90+ cells may vary between different lipoaspirate samples in a fat depot-dependent origin or age-dependent manner. Nevertheless, using CD90 as a cell surface marker allows for enrichment of a subpopulation of human ASCs with enhanced osteogenic potential. This method of osteogenic enrichment has the potential to serve as a novel means for promoting rapid and robust bone formation in patients with critical-sized skeletal defects. We routinely observe that approximate cell yield from standard lipoaspirate is 5 x 107 nucleated cells/500 ml of lipoaspirate using the aforementioned harvest method, although as described above this can vary based on fat depot origin or patient demographics.18 Yoshimura and colleagues reported that ASCs represent 10-35% of the population of nucleated cells in the SVF.19 Therefore, there is considerable potential for direct seeding of a scaffold for implementation of bone tissue engineering strategies following osteogenic enrichment of ASCs using FACS.
Stem cell-based tissue engineering for experimental and clinical applications often requires highly purified cell populations. Other high-throughput methods of purification exist as simpler alternatives to FACS, include panning, complement depletion, and magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). However, in certain situations, FACS is both necessary and advantageous: when the isolation of highly pure subpopulations is desired, when the target surface marker occurs infrequently in the cell population, or when cells must be separated based on varying expression levels of the same surface marker.
Using both microfluidic-based single cell transcriptional analysis and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, endoglin (CD105) and Thy-1 (CD90) were found to be associated with differences in ASC expression of osteogenic genes. Statistical analysis of single cell transcriptional profiles demonstrated that low expression of CD105 and high expression of CD90 describe subgroups of ASCs with increased osteogenic capacity. These proteins were subsequently used to enrich for osteogenic subpopulations of cells derived from human subcutaneous adipose tissue.6,20
Together, these data illustrate the effectiveness of sorting ASCs based on specific cell surface markers that correlate with osteogenic transcriptional activity. Although the feasibility of this approach is demonstrated here through the use of CD90 and CD105 as examples, further analysis needs to be done to include all promising combinations of surface antigen expression that highly correlate with osteogenic transcriptional activity.
The authors have nothing to disclose.
This study was supported by National Institutes of Health Research grant R01-DE021683-01 and National Institutes of Health Research grant R01-DE019434 to M.T.L.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Fellowship to M.T.C. D.C.W was supported by the A.C.S Franklin Martin Faculty Research Fellowship, The Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, and the Stanford University Child Health Research Institute Faculty Scholar Award.
Name of Reagent/Material | Company | Catalog Number | コメント |
Disposable 250 mL Conical Tubes | Corning (Thomas Scientific) | 2602A43 | |
Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) | Gibco | 15140-122 | |
DMEM, high glucose, GlutaMAX Supplement | Gibco | 10566-016 | |
PBS, pH 7.4 | Gibco | 10010-023 | |
Betadine – Antiseptic Povidone/Iodine Solution | Purdue | PFC-67618015017 | |
Hank's Balanced Salt Solution, 1X | Cellgro | 21-023-CV | |
Fetal Bovine Serum, Certified, US Origin | Gibco | 16000-044 | |
Collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum | Sigma-Aldrich | C0130-5G | |
ACCUTASE Cell Detachment Solution | Stem Cell Technologies | 7920 | |
APC Mouse Anti-Human CD90 | BD Pharmingen | 559869 | |
FITC Mouse anti-Human CD105 (Endoglin) | BD Pharmingen | 561443 | |
Anti-Human CD45 eFluor 450 (Pacific Blue replacement) | eBioscience | 48-9459-41 | |
Anti-Human CD34 APC | eBioscience | 17-0349-41 | |
Anti-Human CD31 (PECAM-1) PE | eBioscience | 12-0319-41 | |
Streptavidin PE-Cyanine7 | eBioscience | 25-4317-82 | |
BD FACS Aria II instrument | BD Biosciences | ||
BD FACSDiva Software | BD Biosciences |