13.6:
Mechanism of Breathing III: The Accessory Muscles
The breathing process starts with inhalation. The diaphragm, the primary respiratory muscle, contracts and descends, creating a negative pressure that facilitates the inhalation of air.
Simultaneously, the intercostal muscles between the ribs contract, causing the rib cage to expand and provide more space for lung expansion.
When a person breathes deeply or struggles to breathe, accessory muscles activate. The sternocleidomastoid in the neck lifts the sternum, allowing greater lung expansion.
The scalene muscles in the neck help elevate the second and third ribs, further facilitating chest expansion.
In the upper chest and front of the shoulders, the pectoralis minor lifts the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, aiding chest expansion during deep breaths.
As a person exhales, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, reducing the space in the chest cavity and pushing air out of the lungs.
During forced exhalation, accessory muscles like the abdominal muscles may contract, pushing up on the diaphragm to expel air more forcefully.
This process continues, infusing oxygen into the bloodstream and facilitating optimal bodily function.
13.6:
Mechanism of Breathing III: The Accessory Muscles
The Role of Accessory Muscles in the Respiratory System
The respiratory system is a complex network that relies on primary respiratory muscles like the diaphragm, but also involves accessory muscles to enhance lung expansion and airflow during both inhalation and exhalation.
Enhancing Inhalation with Accessory Muscles:
Accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, intercostal, and abdominal muscles are crucial when additional respiratory effort is required, such as during deep breathing or in response to respiratory challenges. These muscles optimize lung function by aiding in more significant lung expansion:
- • Sternocleidomastoid: Positioned in the neck, this muscle lifts the sternum, facilitating an increased expansion of the chest cavity, which is vital for deep inhalation.
- • Scalene Muscles: Also located in the neck, these muscles assist in elevating the second and third ribs, further contributing to chest expansion during intensive breathing efforts.
- • Pectoralis Minor: Located in the upper chest and front of the shoulders, this muscle helps to elevate the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, enhancing chest expansion and thereby increasing lung capacity during inhalation.
These accessory muscles are pivotal in maximizing air intake, ensuring enough oxygen reaches the bloodstream to support vital body functions.
Facilitating Exhalation:
- • During normal exhalation, the primary muscles, such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, relax, reducing the space in the chest cavity and facilitating the expulsion of air from the lungs.
- • In situations requiring forced exhalation, such as vigorous physical activity or coughing, accessory muscles, particularly the abdominal muscles, are actively engaged. These muscles contract to push up against the diaphragm, helping to expel air more forcefully.
Understanding the complex interplay between primary and accessory respiratory muscles is crucial for comprehending breathing mechanics. This knowledge not only aids in diagnosing and treating respiratory conditions, but also enhances the effectiveness of interventions to improve respiratory health. For researchers and healthcare professionals, detailed insights into the function of these muscles allow for a deeper understanding of respiratory physiology and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.