Use of Anti-phospho-girdin Antibodies to Visualize Intestinal Tuft Cells in Free-Floating Mouse Jejunum Cryosections

Yuka Mizutani; Daisuke Kuga; Machiko Iida; Kaori Ushida; Tsuyoshi Takagi; Yoshihito Tokita; Masahide Takahashi; Masato Asai

doi:10.3791/57475

JoVE Journal > Biology

Biologia

Use of Anti-phospho-girdin Antibodies to Visualize Intestinal Tuft Cells in Free-Floating Mouse Jejunum Cryosections

Published: March 21, 2018

doi:

10.3791/57475

Yuka Mizutani¹, Daisuke Kuga², Machiko Iida¹, Kaori Ushida³, Tsuyoshi Takagi¹, Yoshihito Tokita¹, Masahide Takahashi³, Masato Asai^1,3

¹Division of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,Aichi Human Service Center, ²Surgery Department,Anjo Kosei Hospital, ³Department of Pathology,Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine

Summary

Kuga et al. discovered that phosphorylation-status specific antibodies against the actin binding protein girdin phosphorylated at tyrosine 1798 (pY1798) can be used to label tuft cells (TCs). This protocol allows robust visualization of TCs using immunofluorescent staining of free-floating jejunum cryosections with pY1798 antibodies.

Abstract

The actin binding protein girdin is a cytosolic protein that is required for actin remodeling to trigger cell migration in various tissues. Girdin is phosphorylated by both receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases at tyrosine 1798. Omori et al. developed site- and phosphorylation status-specific antibodies against human girdin at tyrosine-1798 (pY1798), which specifically bind to phosphorylated tyrosine-1798, but not to unphosphorylated tyrosine-1798. pY1798 antibodies have been used to specifically label tuft cells (TCs) that are present in mammalian gastrointestinal tissues, but the function of these cells is unclear. This protocol allows the robust visualization of TCs in the jejunum using pY1798 antibodies and immunofluorescence. To ensure successful and simple TC visualization, this protocol includes two histological techniques: production of free-floating cryosections from gelatin-filled jejunum tissue, and low-temperature antigen retrieval at 50 °C for 3 h. Filling the jejunum with gelatin maintains the shape of free-floating sections throughout the staining procedure, whereas low-temperature antigen retrieval ensures robust signals from TCs. Successful use of this protocol results in pY1798 staining of TCs distributed from villus tip to crypt. Stained TCs have a spool-shaped soma and fluorescent signals condense at the lumenal tip, which corresponds to the protruding 'tuft.' Phalloidin staining colocalized with pY1798-positive TCs at the thickened brush border, and corresponds to a rootlet mass extending from the TC tuft. This protocol could be used to examine TCs in human biopsy samples collected with gastrointestinal endoscopes. Furthermore, TCs were recently reported to accumulate following parasite infection in mice, suggesting that this protocol could have applications for diagnosis of parasite infections in the human gut.

Introduction

Tuft cells (TCs) are minor scattered components of gastrointestinal epithelia that are characterized by apical tufts and spool-shaped somas¹. Although TCs were first described in 1956², TC function remains unclear, partly due to a lack of reliable TC markers.

Enomoto et al. first characterized the actin binding protein girdin³, which is expressed in the nervous system, as well as in non-neural tissues such as blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, and skeletal muscle⁴. Mice with genetic ablation of girdin display growth retardation and multiple brain anomalies⁴^,⁵^,⁶. Meanwhile, loss-of-function mutation in human girdin is associated with progressive encephalopathy, severe retardation, and early onset epileptic seizures⁷.

In 2011, Lin et al. identified dynamic phosphorylation of girdin at tyrosine 1798 mediated by tyrosine kinases such as EGFR and Src⁸. They also showed that phosphorylated girdin is required for actin remodeling to trigger cell migration⁸. Omori et al. developed site- and phosphorylation status-specific antibodies against human girdin phosphorylated at tyrosine 1798 (pY1798 antibodies) following Goto's protocol, and validated the antibodies using site-directed mutagenesis of expression vectors carrying full-length girdin⁹^,¹⁰. In 2017, Kuga et al. reported that pY1798 labels TCs with high specificity and high sensitivity¹. The pY1798 antibodies were shown to be superior to previous TC markers based on excellent staining properties that revealed the whole cell shape, including the characteristic 'tuft' on the lumenal tip, yet the biological role of girdin and phospho-girdin in TC function remained unclear¹.

The method described in this study involves immunofluorescence staining, a histological technique to mark a specific protein on tissue using a primary antibody against a target protein and a fluorescence-conjugated secondary antibody against the primary antibody. The purpose of this method is to allow researchers with limited histological experience to obtain high quality TC images. This protocol uses free-floating cryosections that avoid the need for slide-mounted cryosections, or paraffin section. However, free-floating sections are fragile due to the absence of support from a glass slide and the section thickness can lessen antibody permeability. This protocol includes two approaches that overcome these issues: 1) filling the entire jejunum lumen with gelatin to preserve the morphology of free-floating sections throughout the staining procedures, and 2) use of low-temperature antigen retrieval to intensify pY1798 signals.

Protocol

All methods described here were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center (application number: M-03).

1. Preparations

Prepare 10 L of phosphate buffered saline (PBS): 32.27 g of Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O, 4.5 g of NaH₂PO₄·2H₂O, 80.0 g of NaCl added to ultrapure water to a final volume of 10 L. Store solution at room temperature (RT).
Prepare 200 mL of PBS-T: 200 mL of PBS from step 1.1 with 100 µL of polyoxyethylene(10) octylphenyl ether to a final concentration of 0.05% (vol:vol). Store at RT.
While wearing gloves and eye protection, prepare 50 mL of 15% sucrose in 10% buffered neutral formalin solution: 7.5 g of sucrose added to 10% buffered neutral formalin solution (Table of Materials) to a final volume of 50 mL. Store at RT.
CAUTION: Inhalation and/or skin/eye contact with formaldehyde in 10% buffered neutral formalin solution can be hazardous. Handle with caution.
Prepare 1.5 mL of 200 units/mL phalloidin-fluorescent dye conjugate stock solution: phalloidin-fluorescent dye conjugate (300 units in 1 vial, lyophilized solids, excitation and emission wavelengths: 581 nm and 609 nm, respectively) suspended in 1.5 mL of methanol. Store solution in the dark at -20 °C.
Prepare 5 mg/mL 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride (DAPI) stock solution: 10 mg of DAPI in 2 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Store solution in the dark at -20 °C.
Prepare 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS: 0.5 g of BSA, 10 mL of PBS. Store at 4 °C.
Remove the beveled tip of an 18-gauge straight needle using a nipper, and pinch the nipped end with a pincher in a lengthwise direction to allow liquid to flow through the needle lumen (Figure 1A1).
NOTE: The protocol can be paused here.

2. Animal Dissection and Isolation of Jejunum

Perfusion fixation of a mouse
1. Wear gloves and work in a well-ventilated area.
2. Prepare a 100 mL glass beaker, 10% buffered neutral formalin solution, surgical tools (scissors, forceps), a metallic tray, 6-0 nylon cut sutures, an 18-gauge straight needle prepared as in 1.7, a 22-gauge winged needle, a 20-mL syringe.
3. Load 20 mL of 10% buffered neutral formalin solution from the glass beaker into the 20-mL syringe, and attach the 22-gauge winged needle to the outlet.
4. Prepare liquid gelatin by adding 1 g of gelatin powder to 20 mL of PBS (final 5% gelatin) in a 50-mL centrifuge tube. After soaking at RT for 15 min, incubate at 50 °C in a water bath for 15 min without shaking.
5. Briefly vortex, and incubate at 50 °C for another 15 min to completely dissolve the gelatin. Leave the tube at RT until use.
6. Euthanize an adult mouse by cervical dislocation.
7. Place the mouse from step 2.1.6 on a metallic tray and make a small incision on the skin through the ensiform cartilage using surgical tools.
8. Expand the incision with both hands to expose the thoracic and abdominal regions.
9. Open the peritoneum to expose the diaphragm, and then open the diaphragm on both sides.
10. Cut the thoracic cage along the anterior axillary lines on both sides, then remove the thoracic wall by cutting in a transverse direction at the position of thymus to expose the heart.
11. Make a small incision on the auricle of the right atrium to drain the blood and insert a 22-gauge winged needle into the apex of the left ventricle. Push the plunger to perfuse the tissues with 10% buffered neutral formalin solution.
12. After exposing organs in the pelvis, cut off the end of the rectum from the anus, and separate the intestines from the body by cutting the mesentery.
13. To isolate the jejunum, cut the intestines at 4 cm from the anal side of the gastric antrum. Discard the anal half of the remaining small intestine.
14. Clip the jejunum in half to facilitate the flushing procedure. Load 20 mL of 10% buffered neutral formalin solution into the 20-mL syringe, and attach the 18-gauge straight needle prepared in step 1.7 to the outlet.
15. Inject 10% buffered neutral formalin solution from one end of the clipped jejunum to flush out the intestinal contents and to fix the gut lumen surface (Figure 1A2).
16. Wash the gut lumen by injecting PBS as described in step 2.1.15.
17. Flush liquid gelatin into the gut lumen as described in step 2.1.15 to replace PBS with liquid gelatin.
18. Close one end of the clipped jejunum by suture ligation using a 6-0 nylon cut suture, fill the jejunum with liquid gelatin, and close the opposite end by suture ligation (Figure 1A3).
19. Add four suture knots to fit a sausage-shaped jejunum section to the depressed portion of a cryomold (Figure 1A4).
  NOTE: For cryomolds with a 20 mm x 25 mm x 5 mm depressed section, a ~20 mm sausage-like jejunum section is preferable.
20. Soak the tissues in 50 mL of 15% sucrose in 10% buffered neutral formalin solution overnight at 4 °C.
  NOTE: These steps ensure cryoprotection by sucrose and protein fixation by formalin of gelatin and tissue. Formalin-gelatinized gelatin does not melt at RT, whereas non-fixed gelatinized gelatin at 4 °C melts at RT.

3. Snap Freezing of Gelatin-filled Jejunum Tissues

By cutting the jejunum at the suture knots, three sausage-like jejunum pieces with both ends ligated are obtained (Figure 1A4). Align the sausage-like pieces in a cryomold for addition of embedding compound for preparation of frozen tissue specimens.
Snap freeze the cryomold in isopentane cooled with liquid nitrogen. Store cryomolds at -80 °C
NOTE: The protocol can be paused here.

4. Immunofluorescence of Tuft Cells Using Free-floating Cryosections

Cryosectioning
1. Set both the cryostat chamber temperature (CT) and object temperature (OT) to -22 °C. Place the frozen tissue block in a cryomold in the cryostat chamber for at least 15 min.
2. Add 3 mL of PBS to a 35-mm culture dish.
3. Remove the frozen tissue block from the cryomold and cut the block in half with a razor blade to expose the transverse section of the jejunum. Mount one half of the block on a chuck (a cryostat adaptor) to section the cutting plane with the razor blade.
4. Section the gelatin-filled jejunum into 30 µm-thick sections. Use frozen forceps to gently transfer the sections into the 35-mm culture dish prepared in step 4.1.2 (Figure 2B, right).
Application of primary antibodies
1. Wash the free-floating sections in the 35-mm culture dish 3 times for 5 min each with 3 mL PBS-T with mild shaking on a reciprocal shaker (approximately 36 times/min).
2. Prepare antigen retrieval solution: 0.3 mL of antigen retrieval solution concentrate (Table of Materials) in 2.7 mL of ultrapure water. Add 3 mL of antigen retrieval solution to the 35-mm culture dish containing free-floating sections.
3. Close the lid, seal the gap between the dish and the lid with a strip of vinyl tape, and incubate at 50 °C in a hybridization incubator for 3 h without shaking.
4. Remove the dish from the incubator and cool at RT for 20 min. After removing the vinyl tape, wash the sections 3 times for 5 min each with 3 mL of PBS-T and mild shaking.
5. Aspirate the PBS-T and add 5 drops of blocking solution (Table of Materials) onto the sections. Incubate at RT for 5 min with mild shaking.
6. Prepare the primary antibody solution: 495 µL of 5% BSA in PBS with 5 µL of phospho-Y1798 girdin (pY1798) antibodies (Table of Materials). Add 500 µL of primary antibody solution onto the sections (the blocking solution does not need to be removed).
7. Place the dish in a humidified incubation chamber and incubate overnight at 4 °C with mild shaking.
  NOTE: The overnight incubation can be extended to up to three nights.
Application of secondary antibodies
1. Wash the sections 3 times for 5 min each in 3 mL of PBS-T with mild shaking.
2. Prepare diluted DAPI stock solution: 2 µL of DAPI stock solution (Step 1.5), 998 µL of PBS.
3. Make secondary antibody solution: 476 µL of 5% BSA in PBS, 10.5 µL of diluted DAPI solution, 12.5 µL of phalloidin-fluorescent dye conjugate stock solution, 1 µL of goat anti-rabbit IgG-fluorescent dye conjugate (wavelength: excitation 496 nm, emission 520 nm).
4. After aspirating the PBS-T, apply the secondary antibody solution, and incubate in a light-shielded incubation chamber at RT for 30 min with mild shaking.
5. Wash the sections 3 times for 5 min each with 3 mL of PBS-T and mild shaking.
6. After the final wash, remove the PBS-T and replace with 3 mL of PBS lacking polyoxyethylene(10) octylphenyl ether. Transfer the dish to a stereoscopic microscope.
7. Place 200 µL of PBS in a droplet on the center of a MAS-coated white glass slide and transfer one jejunum section from the dish into the droplet using a P200 pipet tip.
8. After adjusting the section alignment under the stereoscopic microscope, aspirate all remaining PBS surrounding the section.
9. Add 20 µL of aqueous mounting media and place a 20 x 20 mm coverslip atop the media.
10. Immediately seal the coverslip edges with xylene-based mounting media. Place the slide on a wooden mappe and allow the xylene-based mounting media to solidify at RT for 2 – 3 h.
  NOTE: The protocol can be paused here. After the xylene-based mounting media solidifies, the slides can be stored for 2 – 3 weeks in a light-shielded slide box at RT.

5. Confocal Microscopy

Put immersion oil on the 63X objective of a confocal microscope. Turn the coverslip-slide down and place the slide on the stage.
Digitize the TC images acquired at laser wavelengths 405, 488, and 555 nm, and save the images in tiff format (.tiff).
NOTE: Choose a detection filter set that is appropriate for the fluorescence dyes (i.e., excitation/emission maxima: 358/461 nm, 490/525, and 590/617).

Representative Results

Gelatin-filling of the jejunum

A typical procedure for filling mouse jejunum with gelatin is shown (Figure 1A), as are the benefits of gelatin-filling (Figure 1B). In brief, the beveled tip of an 18-gauge straight needle was removed to protect against piercing the gut wall (Figure 1A1). Gelatin filling was achieved using 10% buffered neutral formalin solution injected from one end of a clipped jejunum section to flush the intestine and to fix the gut lumen surface (Figure 1A2) prior to filling with liquid gelatin (Figure 1A3). The resulting sausage-like pieces (Figure 1A4) were embedded, frozen, and transversely sectioned into 30 µm-thick slices in a cryostat. In the absence of gelatin filling, jejunal sections tend to kink, allowing the villi to swing backward (Figure 1B, left). Gelatin filling preserves the round disc-shape of the sections and maintains upright positioning of the villi (Figure 1B, right). The images clearly indicate the benefit afforded by gelatin filling in preserving the morphology of free-floating jejunum sections.

Successful imaging of intestinal tuft cells

pY1798 antibodies can be applied for variable immunostaining techniques, including dot blotting, western blotting, paraffin section staining, thaw-mounted cryosection staining, or free-floating cryosection staining¹^,⁹. In this protocol, we focused on free-floating cryosections for fluorescence staining of TCs in mouse jejunum using pY1798 antibodies, phalloidin, and DAPI staining to demonstrate the structural characteristics of TCs¹. In general, TCs are scattered at a rate of approximately one TC/100 epithelial cells from villus tip to crypt¹. The representative results show that pY1798 reproducibly delineates entire TCs, including the membrane, cytoplasm of the spool-shaped soma, and the strongly stained lumenal tip, where robust signal condensation corresponds to the protruding 'tuft' of a TC¹ (Figure 2A-2B). Meanwhile, phalloidin is a phallotoxin, a family of poisonous bicyclic heptapeptides from the mushroom Amanita phalloides, and has high affinity for filamentous actin (F-actin), which is present in microvilli that form the intestinal brush border¹¹. Phalloidin reproducibly and prominently marks the thickened brush border that corresponds to a mass of rootlets extending from the tuft¹. Thus, the consistent co-localization of pY1798 signals (spool-shaped soma, signal condensation at the lumenal tip) with the prominently thickened phalloidin-positive brush border demonstrates that this protocol successfully identifies TCs regardless of whether they are located on a villus (Figure 2A) or in a crypt (Figure 2B).

Low-temperature antigen retrieval is effective for staining free-floating sections

Heat-based antigen retrieval at 95 – 99 °C is widely used for analysis of paraffin sections and slide-mounted cryosections. However, applying this approach to free-floating sections without causing damage is difficult because such sections are generally more fragile than slide-mounted sections that are supported by the slide¹². Since low-temperature antigen retrieval (50 °C for 3 h) using a water bath did not affect the morphology of the free-floating jejunum sections in preliminary experiments, we evaluated the objective effectiveness of antigen retrieval in a blind test, which statistically confirmed the effectiveness of low-temperature antigen retrieval (Figure 3).

Figure 1: Gelatin filling of jejunum sections for morphological preservation of cryosections
(A) Photographs of procedures for intraluminal filling of mouse jejunum with gelatin. (A1) The beveled tip of an 18-gauge straight needle was removed to avoid piercing the gut wall. (A2) Buffered neutral formalin solution (10%) was injected in one end of the clipped jejunum to flush the intestinal contents and fix the gut lumen surface. (A3) Clipped jejunum filled with liquid gelatin and both ends ligated using a 6-0 nylon suture (black arrows). (A4) Four more suture knots (white arrows) placed between the pre-existing suture knots (black arrows) yielded three shorter pieces. The tissue will then be separated into three sausage-like pieces at the two indicated positions (white arrowheads). (B) Beneficial effects of gelatin-filling on free-floating cryosection morphology. Without gelatin filling, sections tend to kink, allowing the villi to easily swing backward (left); with gelatin filling, a 30 µm-thick section maintains a disc shape and the upright position of the villi is preserved (right). Images were photographed using Nomarski differential interference contrast. Scale bars, 1 mm. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 2: Representative fluorescence images of mouse intestinal tuft cells
Confocal fluorescence images of TCs on a villus (A) or in a crypt (B), in free-floating mouse jejunum sections stained with site-specific and phosphorylation-status-specific antibodies against girdin phosphorylated at tyrosine 1798 (pY1798, green, optimal excitation/emission wavelengths 490/525 nm), phalloidin (red, 590/617 nm), 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, blue, 358/461 nm). The area enclosed by white boxes in the low magnification images (scale bars, 50 µm) is expanded on the right (scale bars, 10 µm). pY1798 antibodies reproducibly stain TCs, regardless of location (on a villus (A), or in a crypt (B)), with staining present at the lumenal tip (arrows), membrane, and cytoplasm of the spool-shaped TC soma. A prominently thickened brush border in phalloidin staining (arrowheads) is another distinctive sign of TCs. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 3: Low-temperature antigen retrieval enhances pY1798 immunofluorescence
Two groups of experimental procedures were compared to confirm the effectiveness of low-temperature antigen retrieval. Free-floating jejunum sections (30 µm thick, n = 13) from a single frozen block were divided into two groups, and sections from each group were stained following the complete protocol or the same protocol lacking low-temperature antigen retrieval (step 4.2.2). After staining, sections were mounted on individual slides labelled with group numbers, and the labelling on each slide was covered with masking tape. All slides were shuffled, labelled with new numbers on the tape, and observed under fluorescence microscopy through an FITC filter. Total counts of visible pY1798-positive TCs were averaged in each group, and were displayed in a bar graph (mean ± standard deviation). A two-tailed t-test was performed to compare the average counts between the two groups. P-values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Low-temperature antigen retrieval significantly improved the effectiveness of pY1798-immunofluorescence. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Discussion

This protocol was designed to allow researchers without histology experience to obtain reliable images of tuft cells (TCs). This protocol has three critical points: 1) The use of site- and phosphorylation status-specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies against human girdin phosphorylated at tyrosine 1798 (pY1798 antibodies) that were obtained from a specific company (Immuno-Biological Laboratories = Company X); 2) Gelatin filling of the jejunum; and 3) Low-temperature antigen retrieval. In the broadest sense, phosphorylation status-specific antibodies can be categorized as modification-specific antibodies that recognize a specific type of post-translational modification (e.g. acetylation, methylation, or phosphorylation) of a protein at a specific amino acid residue. Omori et al. and company X jointly generated pY1798 antibodies by immunizing rabbits with phosphorylated peptide, and purifying the resulting antibodies using solid-phase chromatography with an unphosphorylated peptide following Goto's method⁹^,¹⁰. pY1798 antibodies were intensively validated with in vitro phosphorylation assays using full-length human girdin expression vectors with/without a point mutation at tyrosine 1798⁹. Subsequently, Kuga et al. found that pY1798 antibodies from company X are a specific and sensitive marker of intestinal TCs¹. Thus, inclusion of pY1798 antibodies from company X is a critical point in this protocol.

Gelatin contains collagen extracted from animal tissues and has long been used to embed tissue specimens for histochemical studies using cryosections¹³. Low-melting-point gelatin, which is gelatinized at 4 °C but melts at room temperature, began to be applied to avoid adverse effects of heat needed to maintain the gelatin in a liquid state during embedding¹⁴. In this protocol, low-melting-point gelatin made from gelatin powder that gelatinizes at 4 °C and melts at RT was used to preserve the morphology of transverse cryosections of mouse jejunum. When this gelatin was used to completely fill the jejunum, samples were then formalin-fixed to achieve irreversible gelatinization. Heat-induced antigen retrieval is an effective method to expose antigens that are masked by aldehyde-containing fixatives¹². However, the high temperatures (95 – 99 °C for 30 min) commonly used for analysis of paraffin sections can damage the morphology of the tissue/gelatin complex. Here we used low-temperature antigen retrieval (50 °C for 3 h) that allows both antigen retrieval and preservation of tissue morphology.

pY1798 antibodies can label TCs not only in mouse jejunum, but also in multiple organs (stomach, ileum, colon, and gallbladder) from mice and humans¹. However, because pY1798 signals in unfixed tissues from any tissue will rapidly degrade, this protocol includes formalin injection into the jejunum lumen (step 2.1.15., Figure 1A2).

There are limitations associated with the thickness of free-floating cryosections. Although thin cryosections can be advantageous in terms of translucency for microscopy, the thinness makes these sections physically vulnerable. In contrast, thick cryosections are physically sturdy, but have lower antibody permeability into the section. In this protocol, 30 µm-thick sections were used that were both physically stable and permeable to antibodies. Although this method was designed for researchers without extensive experience in histology, if the protocol should fail, pY1798/villin/DAPI triple staining of paraffin sections similar to that used by Kuga et al. could be performed¹. Paraffin sections were not used here to avoid difficulties associated with phalloidin staining of F-actin in paraffin sections.

Due to the conservation of amino acid sequences adjacent to girdin tyrosine-1798, pY1798 antibodies can be applied to stain TCs in species other than mouse, including rat and human. The gelatin filling used in this protocol can also be applied for other hollow organs. Indeed, apart from pY1798 or TC, the combination of gelatin filling with low temperature antigen retrieval may be useful for revealing notoriously "difficult" epitopes in the mouse gut, and as a consequence, may be of interest for many researchers.

The biological role of girdin and the significance of its phosphorylation in TCs is unclear. However, a study by Lin et al. suggested that tyrosine phosphorylation of girdin is associated with the degree of F-actin polymerization⁸. Meanwhile, Kuga et al. found that lethal doses of apoptosis inducers (e.g., cisplatin, X-ray radiation) caused a large increase in the relative frequency of TCs in the mouse small intestine that they hypothesized may be associated with the possible conversion from enterocytes to TCs, in synchronization with the phosphorylation of girdin in microvilli¹. This possibility will require additional investigation in the future. Three groups recently observed rapid increase in TC frequency following parasite infection¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁷. Thus, this free-floating staining could be used not only to analyze endoscopically-collected human gut tissues, but TC accumulation could also aid in diagnosis of parasite infection in the human gut.

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

We thank Naoya Asai at Nagoya University for providing useful suggestions for the development of low-temperature antigen retrieval for free-floating jejunum sections. This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) (C) in 2012 (JP25460493) and (B) in 2017 (JP17H04065) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), A-STEP grants in 2014 (AS251Z02522Q) and in 2015 (AS262Z00715Q) from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and a Takeda Visionary Research Grant 2014 from the Takeda Science Foundation (to M.A.).

Materials

Slc:DDY 6-week-old female mice	Chubu Kagaku Shizai	Not applicable
Disodium hydrogenphosphate 12-water (Na2HPO412H2O)	Wako	196-02835
Sodium dihydroenphosphate Dihydrate (NaH2PO42H2O	Wako	199-02825
Sodium chloride (NaCl)	Wako	199-10665
Triton X-100, Polyoxyethylene(10) octylphenyl ether	Katayama Chemical	Not applicable
Sucrose	Wako	190-00013
10% buffered neutral formalin solution	Muto Chemical	20215	Step 1.3.
Phalloidin-fluorescent dye conjugate, Alexa Fluor 594 phalloidin	ThermoFisher Scientific	A12381
Methanol	Nacalai Tesque	21915-35
DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride)	ThermoFisher Scientific	D1306
N.N-dimethylformamide (DMF)	Nacalai Tesque	13015-75
Bovine serum albumin	Sigma	A9647-10G
18-gauge stainless steel straight needle	Terumo	NN-1838R
U.S.P. 6-0, 60 cm nylon cut suture, Crownjun	Kono Seisakusho	Not applicable
22-gauge winged needle	Terumo	SV-22DLK
20 mL TERUMO syringe	Terumo	SS-20ES
50 mL centrifuge tube	TPP	91050
15 mL Iwaki centrifuge tubes	Iwaki	2325-015
1.5 mL micro test tube	Star	RSV-MTT1.5
Gelatin powder, Gelare-blanc	Nitta Biolab	2809
Embedding compound for frozen tissue specimen, O.C.T. Compound 118 mL 12 piece	Sakura FineTech	4583
Cryomold, CRYO DISH No. 3, 125 piece, well size 20 x 25 x 5 (mm)	Shoei Work's	1101-3
Isopentane	Nacalai Tesque	26404-75
Falcon cell culture dish 35 x 10mm Easy-Grip	Corning	353001
Antigen retrieval solution concentrate, Target Retrieval Solution pH 9 10x	Dako	S2367	Antigen retrieval solution concentrate in step 4.2.2.
Protein Block	Dako	X0909	Blocking solution in 4.2.5.
Phospho-Y1798 girdin (pY1798) antibodies	Immuno-Biological Laboratories (IBL) = Company X	28143	Phospho-Y1798 girdin antibodies in step 4.2.6.
Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488	ThermoFisher Scientific	A11034
Aquous mounting media, Prolong Gold Antifade Mountant	ThermoFisher Scientific	P36930
Coverslips, Matsunami Micro Cover Glass 22 x 22 mm 100 pcs Thickness No.1	Matsunami Glass	C022221
Entellan New, xylene-based mounting media for microscopy	Merck Millipore	107961
MAS-coated slide glass white	Matsunami Glass	MI-MAS-01
Wooden Mappe KO-type	Shoei Work's	99-40007
Immersion Oil 518 F Fluorescence Free 20 ml	Zeiss	444960
Pipettes, Pipetman P (P2, P20, P200, P1000)	Gilson	F144801, F123600, F123601, F123602
Ultrapure water production system	Advantec	GS-590
Plastic glove, Star Nitrile Glove	Star	RSU-NGVM
Cryostat	Leica Microsystems	CM1950
Deep freezer, SANYO Ultra Low	Sanyo	MDF-382
Showcase refrigerator	Nihon Freezer	NC-ME50EC
Water bath, Thermominder SDminiN (to dissolve gelatin at 50 C)	Taitec	0068750-000
Hybridization incubator (for antigen retrieval at 50 C)	Taitec	HB-100
Incubation chamber for immunostaining	Cosmo Bio	10DO
Reciprocal shaker for immunohistochemistry (for room temperature)	Taitec	NR-1
Reciprocal shaker for immunohistochemistry (for 4 C)	Tokyo Rika Kikai	MMS-3010
Stereoscopic microscope (for tissue handling)	Olympus	SZ61
Stereoscopic microscope (for Figure 1B)	Leica Microsystems	M165FC
Fluorescence microscope (for Figure 3)	Nikon	E800
Confocal laser-scanning microscope	Zeiss	LSM700

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Mizutani, Y., Kuga, D., Iida, M., Ushida, K., Takagi, T., Tokita, Y., Takahashi, M., Asai, M. Use of Anti-phospho-girdin Antibodies to Visualize Intestinal Tuft Cells in Free-Floating Mouse Jejunum Cryosections. J. Vis. Exp. (133), e57475, doi:10.3791/57475 (2018).