Induction and Testing of Hypoxia in Cell Culture

1. Hypoxia induced by CoCl₂ solution

Cobalt (II) Chloride hexahydrate (CoCl₂ • 6H₂O, MW=237.9) is a chemical inducer of hypoxia-inducible factor-1.3 ⁸. This product is soluble in water (100 mg/ml), yielding a clear, red solution.

1. Prepare a 25mM stock solution in sterile dd water, (prepare immediately before use)
2. Use CoCl₂ at the final concentration of 100μM in your regular cell culture media to induce hypoxia.
3. Add the CoCl₂ containing media to your cells and incubate the cultures for 24hours in a conventional incubator (37°C; 5% C0₂).

The above concentration works for the cell lines we have tested but each cell line should be tested at various concentrations (to establish a dose-dependent curve) as well as at various incubation times in order to limit drug related toxicity and optimize the assay.

2. Hypoxia induced in Modular Incubator Chamber

1. Prepare at least two identical (twin culture) cell cultures. Cell cultures can be in Flasks, plates or culture dishes. To open the chamber, first open the two white plastic clamps located on the tubes attached to the chamber (tubes used for the injection/ purging the hypoxic gas) and gently open the steel ring clamp.
2. Release the clamp. The lid and trays can now be removed.
3. Place the cell culture in the hypoxic chamber. Also place a Petri dish containing sterile water in the chamber to provide adequate humidification of the cultures.
4. Place the “twin” cell culture in normoxia as control.
5. Make sure your trays are secured and not moving, and then close the chamber with its lid. Correctly position the steel ring clamp to ensure the hermetical closure of the chamber and close it.
6. To create hypoxia, attach the tubing to a “hypoxia tank” containing a 1% O₂ gas mixture. If you have a flow meter connected to your tank your chamber will be directly connected to it (gas tank-flow meter –chamber). We use a flow meter incorporated in our regulator.
7. It is important to remove most if not all oxygen present in the chamber and in your media, to do so flush the chamber by opening the gas tank at a flow rate of 20 liters per minutes for 7-10 minutes; then quickly turn off the gas flow and completely close the chamber by closing both white clamps.
8. Return the chamber to a conventional incubator for the desired period of time. If you use large cultures, allow media in cultures to de-gas for 1- 2 hours and then repeat flush.
   The above steps are based on the constructor recommendations’ (Billups-Rothenberg, Inc). Make sure you gas tank are properly secured at all time.

Notes:

• In order to eliminate the O₂ contained in the media it is advised to re-gas the chamber once after 1-3hours.
• For incubation time longer than 48hours it is also advised to re-gas the chamber.
• Oxygen sensors (electrodes/manometer) that allow measurements of the O₂ contained in cells/chamber will provide a more precise measurement of the intracellular/chamber O₂ contain).
• Culturing cells at various time lengths to make a time-curve would help determine the optimal time expression of HIF-1α in your particular cells.

3. Evaluation of Hypoxia

1. HIF-1 α detection by western blot.
   1. Re-open your chamber as described in section 2.2 and immediately place your cultures on ice.
   2. Lyse hypoxia treated and non-treated cells with 5% SDS solution in the plates then transfer the cell lyzate to tubes, sonicate, spindown the cell debris and collect the supernatant.
   3. Measure protein concentration using BCA kit, prepare sample by adding loading buffer and heating at 95°C for 5 min.
   4. Electrophorese proteins on an 8% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and transfer to Nitrocellulose membranes.
   5. Block the membrane in PBS containing 5% non-fat dry milk and 0.1% Tween 20 at room temperature for 1 hour or at 4°C overnight on shaker.
   6. Immunoblot overnight with anti-HIF-1α primary monoclonal antibody (1/600) in the same buffer at 4 °C.
   7. Wash 3 times in PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 at room temperature, 5min each time and incubate with HRP-secondary antibody (1/2000) in PBS + 0.1% Tween 20 for 45 min.
   8. Wash 3 times in PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 at room temperature, 5min / time.
   9. Use Pierce ECL kit and X-ray film to show the protein band
2. Hypoxia Responsive Element (HRE).
   HIF-1α regulates numerous genes (i.e VEGF, EPO) by binding to a sequence called Hypoxia Regulating Element (HRE). Using HRE associated to a marker gene it is possible to detect HIF activity ⁹. To use this method, first you need to transfect your cells with a HRE-luciferase plasmid using a transfection method adapted to your cells. For example we used Lipofectamine 2000. Cells need to be transfected at least 4 hours before to be incubated in hypoxia and normoxia. This time allows the DNA to enter the cells so that this first step is not affected by hypoxia. The luciferase signal is detected using a Luciferase Assay Kit.
   1. Incubate your HRE-transfected cells in hypoxia in modular chamber or use HRE-transfected cells incubated with CoCl₂, include a normoxia control.
   2. After the desired incubation period, remove growth medium from cells.
   3. Rinse cells in PBS, remove the PBS.
   4. Dispense 400μl 1X lysis reagent into culture dish and scrape the attached cells, then transfer them to a micro tube.
   5. Pellet debris by brief centrifugation.
   6. Mix 20μl of cell lysates supernatant with 100μl of Luciferase Assay Reagent and measure the luminescence using a luminometer.

4. Representative Results:

In K562 cells (human leukemia cell line) cultured 2 days in low oxygen, compared to normoxia, hypoxia induces an increase of HIF-1α protein that was detected by western blot (Figure 1).

Using HRE-luciferase modified 293 cells (embryonic kidney cell line) cultured in hypoxia, a significant increased of HIF-1α activity was detected in hypoxic cells (Figure 2).

Figure 1: Increase HIF-1α in hypoxic cells. K562 cells were culture in normoxia and hypoxia (hypoxic chamber) for 48 hrs and analyzed by western blot using an antibody specific for HIF-1α. An antibody specific for actin was used for the loading control.

Figure2: HIF-1α activity. HRE-luciferase modified 293 cells were cultured in hypoxia and normoxia for 48 hrs and then lysed to detect luciferase signal using a luciferase assay kit and a luminometer. Results are expressed as the relative luminescence unit (RLU).