NOTE: Animal experimentation was approved by national and institutional bioethics committees.
1. ihOEG (Ts12 and Ts14) culture
NOTE: This procedure is done under sterile conditions in a tissue culture biosafety cabinet.
2. Preparation of ihOEG (Ts12 and Ts14) for the assay
NOTE: This step must be done 24 h before RGN dissection and coculture.
3. Retinal tissue dissection
NOTE: 2-month old male Wistar rats are used as RGN source. Two retinas (one rat) for 20 wells of a 24-well cell dish. Autoclave surgical material before use. Papain dissociation kit is commercially purchased (Table of Materials). Follow the provider´s instructions for reconstitution. Reconstitute D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) in 5 mM stock and prepare the aliquots.
4. Immunostaining
5. Axonal regeneration quantification
NOTE: Samples are quantified under the 40x objective of an epifluorescence microscope. A minimum of 30 pictures should be taken on random fields, with at least 200 neurons, to be quantified for each treatment. Each experiment should be repeated a minimum of three times.
In this protocol, we present an in vitro model to assay OEG neuroregenerative capacity after neuronal injury. As shown in Figure 1, the OEG source is a reversible immortalized human OEG clonal cell line -Ts14 and Ts12-, which derives from primary cultures, prepared from olfactory bulbs obtained in autopsies15,17,18. Retinal tissue is extracted from adult rats, digested, and retinal ganglion neurons (RGN) suspension is plated on either PLL-treated coverslips or onto ihOEG monolayers, Ts14 or Ts12. Cultures are maintained for 96 h before they are fixed. Axonal and somatodendritic markers are analyzed by immunofluorescence and axonal regeneration is quantified.
Ts14 OEG identity is assessed by immunostaining with markers described to be expressed in ensheathing glia (Figure 2), such as S100 β (Figure 2A) and vimentin (Figure 2B); GFAP expression was also analyzed to discard astrocyte contamination (Figure 2C). As shown, Ts14 expressed S100 β and vimentin but not GFAP.
In the axonal regeneration assay, Ts14 regenerative capacity is compared to Ts12 in RGN-OEG cocultures, using PLL substrate as a negative control (Figure 3). Both the percentage of cells with axons as well as the average length of the regenerated axons were significantly higher in neurons cocultured on Ts14 monolayers, compared to neurons plated on either Ts12 cells or PLL (Figure 3D,E). Representative images show a lack of capacity of RGN to regenerate their axons over PLL or Ts12 cells (Figure 3A,B), while Ts14 stimulates the outgrowth of axons in RGN (3C).
Figure 1: Diagram of rat retinal ganglion neurons with olfactory ensheathing glia cells coculture, as a model of adult axonal regeneration. Immortalized human OEG (ihOEG) clonal cell lines -Ts12 and Ts14- derived from primary cultures from olfactory bulbs. Retinal ganglion neurons from adult rats are plated on either PLL-treated coverslips (negative control) or onto Ts14 or Ts12 monolayers. Cultures are maintained for 96 h before they are fixed and axonal and somatodendritic markers are analyzed by immunofluorescence. Percentage of neurons with axon and mean axonal length/neuron are quantified to assay RGN axonal regeneration. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 2: Identity of ihOEG cell line Ts14. Immunofluorescence images of Ts14 in culture, labeled with anti-S100 β (panel A, green) and vimentin (panel B, red). GFAP expression (panel C, red) was also analyzed to discard astrocyte contamination. Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 3: Assay for axonal regeneration in cocultures of OEG lines with adult retinal ganglion neurons (RGNs). (A–C) Immunofluorescence images showing somatodendritic labelling with 514 antibody, which recognizes microtubule-associated protein MAP2A and B, in red, and with axon-specific SMI31 antibody in green, against MAP1B and NF-H proteins. Green arrows indicate RGN axons (SMI31-positive: green) and yellow arrows indicate neuronal bodies and dendrites (514 positive: red and yellow). (D,E) Graphs show mean and standard deviation of the percentage of neurons exhibiting axons and the axonal regeneration index, a parameter reflecting the mean axonal length (µm) of axons per neuron. A minimum of 30 pictures (40x) were taken on random fields and quantified for each cell sample. Experiments were performed in triplicate, from three different rats (N = 3), retinal tissue pooled from both eyes, with duplicates for each experimental condition (each glia population tested). Asterisks indicate the statistical significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, NS: non significance (ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test comparisons between parameters quantified for Ts14 vs Ts12, Ts14 vs PLL, and Ts12 vs PLL). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
antibody 514 | Reference 34 | Rabbit polyclonal antiserum, which recognizes MAP2A and B. | |
antibody SMI-31 | BioLegend | 801601 | Monoclonal antibody against MAP1B and NF-H proteins |
anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 antibody | ThermoFisher | A-21202 | |
anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 594 antibody | ThermoFisher | A-21207 | |
B-27 Supplement | Gibco | 17504044 | |
D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid | Sigma | 283967 | NMDA receptor inhibitor |
DAPI | Sigma | D9542 | Nuclei fluorescent stain |
DMEM-F12 | Gibco | 11320033 | Cell culture medium |
FBS | Gibco | 11573397 | Fetal bovine serum |
FBS-Hyclone | Fisher Scientific | 16291082 | Fetal bovine serum |
Fluoromount | Southern Biotech | 0100-01 | Mounting medium |
ImageJ | National Institutes of Health (NIH-USA) | Image software | |
L-Glutamine | Lonza | BE17-605F | |
Neurobasal Medium | Gibco | 21103049 | Neuronal cells culture medium |
Papain Dissociation System | Worthington Biochemical Corporation | LK003150 | For use in neural cell isolation |
PBS | Home made | ||
PBS-EDTA | Lonza | H3BE02-017F | |
Penicillin/Streptomycin/Amphotericin B | Lonza | 17-745E | Bacteriostatic and bactericidal |
Pituitary extract | Gibco | 13028014 | Bovine pituitary extract |
Poly -L- lysine (PLL) | Sigma | A-003-M |
Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) cells are localized all the way from the olfactory mucosa to and into the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) of the olfactory bulb. Throughout adult life, they are key for axonal growing of newly generated olfactory neurons, from the lamina propria to the ONL. Due to their pro-regenerative properties, these cells have been used to foster axonal regeneration in spinal cord or optic nerve injury models.
We present an in vitro model to assay and measure OEG neuroregenerative capacity after neural injury. In this model, reversibly immortalized human OEG (ihOEG) is cultured as a monolayer, retinas are extracted from adult rats and retinal ganglion neurons (RGN) are cocultured onto the OEG monolayer. After 96 h, axonal and somatodendritic markers in RGNs are analyzed by immunofluorescence and the number of RGNs with axon and the mean axonal length/neuron are quantified.
This protocol has the advantage over other in vitro assays that rely on embryonic or postnatal neurons, that it evaluates OEG neuroregenerative properties in adult tissue. Also, it is not only useful for assessing the neuroregenerative potential of ihOEG but can be extended to different sources of OEG or other glial cells.
Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) cells are localized all the way from the olfactory mucosa to and into the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) of the olfactory bulb. Throughout adult life, they are key for axonal growing of newly generated olfactory neurons, from the lamina propria to the ONL. Due to their pro-regenerative properties, these cells have been used to foster axonal regeneration in spinal cord or optic nerve injury models.
We present an in vitro model to assay and measure OEG neuroregenerative capacity after neural injury. In this model, reversibly immortalized human OEG (ihOEG) is cultured as a monolayer, retinas are extracted from adult rats and retinal ganglion neurons (RGN) are cocultured onto the OEG monolayer. After 96 h, axonal and somatodendritic markers in RGNs are analyzed by immunofluorescence and the number of RGNs with axon and the mean axonal length/neuron are quantified.
This protocol has the advantage over other in vitro assays that rely on embryonic or postnatal neurons, that it evaluates OEG neuroregenerative properties in adult tissue. Also, it is not only useful for assessing the neuroregenerative potential of ihOEG but can be extended to different sources of OEG or other glial cells.
Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) cells are localized all the way from the olfactory mucosa to and into the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) of the olfactory bulb. Throughout adult life, they are key for axonal growing of newly generated olfactory neurons, from the lamina propria to the ONL. Due to their pro-regenerative properties, these cells have been used to foster axonal regeneration in spinal cord or optic nerve injury models.
We present an in vitro model to assay and measure OEG neuroregenerative capacity after neural injury. In this model, reversibly immortalized human OEG (ihOEG) is cultured as a monolayer, retinas are extracted from adult rats and retinal ganglion neurons (RGN) are cocultured onto the OEG monolayer. After 96 h, axonal and somatodendritic markers in RGNs are analyzed by immunofluorescence and the number of RGNs with axon and the mean axonal length/neuron are quantified.
This protocol has the advantage over other in vitro assays that rely on embryonic or postnatal neurons, that it evaluates OEG neuroregenerative properties in adult tissue. Also, it is not only useful for assessing the neuroregenerative potential of ihOEG but can be extended to different sources of OEG or other glial cells.