We present a method for the determination of the energy relations of semiconductor/liquid junctions, which are the basis for the successful operation of such renewable solar energy converting systems.
Lichterman, M. F., Richter, M. H., Hu, S., Crumlin, E. J., Axnanda, S., Favaro, M., Drisdell, W., Hussein, Z., Brunschwig, B. S., Lewis, N. S., Liu, Z., Lewerenz, H. Experimental Approach for Determining Semiconductor/liquid Junction Energetics by Operando Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J. Vis. Exp. (Pending Publication), e54129, doi: (2015).