Experimentation using a Confederate
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Vue d'ensemble
Source: Laboratories of Gary Lewandowski, Dave Strohmetz, and Natalie Ciarocco—Monmouth University
When orchestrating an experiment, it is important that the experience elicits the most natural reactions from the participants as possible. Researchers accomplish much of this through their creation of the experimental settings.
Many research projects focus on interactions between two or more people. In these situations the environment or setting must often be less natural; often only one person can be a true participant and others in the study need to be “confederates,” that is, allegedly unbiased participants whom, in actuality, act according to the researcher’s directions.
This video uses a two-group experiment to see if participants are more likely to imitate a person with more power versus similar power compared to the participant. The video also highlights the use of research confederates.
Psychological studies often use higher sample sizes than studies in other sciences. A large number of participants helps to better ensure that the population under study is better represented, i.e. the margin of error accompanied by studying human behavior is sufficiently accounted for. Further, human participants for research like this are often readily available and the experiment is quick and inexpensive to replicate so we want to use as many participants as possible. In this video we demonstrate this experiment using just one participant. However, as represented in the results, we used a total of 156 participants to reach the experiment’s conclusions.
Procédure
1. Define key variables.
- Create an operational definition (i.e., a clear description of exactly what a researcher means by a concept) of power.
- For the purposes of this experiment, power is measured by relative authority on the college campus, e.g., a residence hall assistant has more power than a student that does not hold this position.
- Create an operational definition (i.e., a clear description of exactly what a researcher means by a concept) of imitation.
- For purposes of this experiment, imitation is defined as the participant’s non-conscious mimicking of the confederate by making similar movements with their feet and hands.
2. Conduct the study.
- Meet the student/participant at the lab.
- Provide participant with informed consent, a brief description of the research, a sense of the procedure, an indication of potential risks/benefits, the right of withdrawal at any time, and a manner to get help if they experience discomfort.
- Have the participant sit at a desk on the window side of a one-way mirror.
- Tell the participant that you would like them to remember the behaviors of another participant (a confederate in actuality) who will sit on the mirror side of the one-way mirror while they work on GRE Math problems (Figure 1).1
Figure 1: An example of the GRE math problems given to the confederate. - Train the confederate.
- Confederates, also known as stooges, are part of the experiment and act exactly as the researcher instructs. Participants are led to believe that a confederate is a participant.
- Train the confederate to engage in 7 key behaviors: playing with their hair, putting a pen in their mouth, tapping their fingers, touching their face, wrinkling their nose, making whistling sounds, and leaning back in their chair.
- For consistency, the confederate should match each behavior to a specific question on the GRE math problems. For example, when the confederate works on problem 1, they should play with hair, when they work on question 2, they should put a pen in their mouth, for question 3, they should tap their fingers, etc. This will ensure that all behaviors occur at the same relative time for all participants.
- Lead the confederate to their chair in front of the mirror-side of the one-way mirror.
- Treat the confederate like a participant, giving them informed consent (as described in 2.2 above), and then explain that the participant will complete the sheet of GRE math problems.
- On the window side of the one-way mirror, the participant has clear sight and sound of this interaction between the researcher and the confederate.
- Return to the participant with a pen and a copy of the GRE problems. Instruct the participant to mark ones they think the confederate got correct with a star, and those they think the confederate got incorrect with an X.
- In one condition, tell the participant that the confederate is a head residence hall assistant on campus.
- In the other condition tell the participant that the confederate is another participant “just like you.”
- Sit off to the side of the participant and record the participant’s behaviors on a chart (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Chart used by experimenter to record participant’s behavior.
3. Debrief the participant.
- Tell the participant the nature of the study.
- “Thank you for participating. In this study I was trying to determine if a fellow participant’s perceived power or authority would increase the chances that a participant like you would mimic their behavior. There were two groups in the study, one group was told the person they were observing is a residence hall assistant, while the other group was told they were just another participant. We hypothesized that those who observed the resident hall assistant would be more likely to mimic their behavior because they are an authority figure.”
- Explain explicitly why deception was necessary for the experiment.
- “We want to tell you about the deception we used in this study. We used deception by telling you the person you observed was another participant, but in reality they were a part of the study and served as a confederate. We did this to make the experiment feel real and to ensure that person being observed acting similarly for each participant in the study. If participants were to know the true reasoning and hypothesis behind the study, they may perform in an unnatural way by trying to live up to the experimenter’s perceived expectations. To eliminate this problem, it was necessary for us to use the confederate. Because of the nature of the deception, it is quite natural for participants to not realize that they were being deceived.”
Confederates, or research actors, are commonly employed in psychology experiments to secretly participate along with actual subjects.
By using confederates, researchers study participants in complex social settings and reliably capture naïve reactions.
Through the incorporation of confederates, this video demonstrates how to design, perform, analyze, and interpret an experiment where non-conscious mimicry is reliably measured.
In this case, researchers manipulate the experimental setting to test whether a participant is more likely to mimic a person with greater social power versus a person with similar power.
This experiment uses a two-group design with a critical element: a hired actor or confederate. The confederate acts according to the researcher’s directions, which allows for secret observations.
Subjects think that they are observing other participants’ behaviors as they work on math problems through a one-way mirror. In actuality, the researcher is interested in whether or not the subjects subsequently mimic behaviors acted out by the confederate as he works on each math problem.
Half of the student participants are told that the confederate is in a more powerful position as a head residence hall assistant, whereas the other half are told that the confederate is equal in power as a regular student.
The participants are then asked to score the questions that they think the confederate got right or wrong. At the same time participants are scoring each problem, the researcher observes them and tallies the dependent variable—the number of behaviors mimicked.
If the perceived status of the confederate influences the participants’ responses, those who believe the confederate had higher power will mimic a greater number of behaviors than those who believe the confederate has equal power.
To conduct the experiment, you will need: informed consent and final debriefing papers, pens, a sheet of GRE-level math problems, a one-way mirror for observation, and a chart of behaviors to tally.
To begin the experiment, meet the participant in the lab. Guide all participants through the consent process and discuss the overall plan for the session.
Lead the participant into the window side of the room with a one-way mirror. State that they will be viewing another participant on the mirrored side as they complete GRE-level math problems. Convey to the participant that they need to carefully remember behaviors performed by the other participant.
While the participant is waiting in the room for someone to appear on the other side, meet the confederate actor. Instruct them to respectively engage in the following seven key behaviors in order with seven math problems: playing with their hair, putting a pen in their mouth, tapping their fingers on the desk, touching their face, wrinkling their nose, whistling, and leaning back in the chair.
Now lead the confederate to the chair in front of the mirror-side of the one-way mirror. Provide them with the same informed consent papers and research guidelines so that the participant believes the confederate is indeed another normal participant. Before leaving the room, hand a sheet of math problems to the confederate to complete.
After handing the confederate the sheet of GRE math problems, return to the original participant with a pen and a copy of the math problems. Tell them that the other observed participant is either: (1) a head residence hall assistant on campus, or (2) another normal student participant.
After the confederate leaves the room, instruct the participant to mark questions they think the confederate got correct with a star or incorrect with an X. Simultaneously check whether or not the participant imitates the confederate’s behavior when scoring each question.
At the conclusion of the experiment, debrief participants and explain why deception was necessary for the experiment.
To analyze how confederates influence the outcome, tally the number of behaviors mimicked for each condition.
The data are then graphed by plotting the mean number of behaviors mimicked in each condition. In this experiment, participants who believed the confederate was a Resident Hall Assistant imitated a greater number of behaviors than those who believed the confederate was a student.
Now that you are familiar with how psychology experiments are cleverly implemented with confederates, let’s take a look at how various researchers employ confederates to affect social behaviors.
In a recent study, confederates were used to examine social influences on remembering. A confederate gave participants misinformation that led to incorrect memories being recalled. Thus, the use of confederates shows that memory recall is socially contagious.
In another experiment, confederates were used to examine social cues of attraction. When a male confederate interacted with a female confederate’s baby, women who witnessed the interaction liked him better than when he ignored the baby.
Neuroscientists are interested in how our brains process mimicking the actions of others. Discovering the neurophysiological correlates is critical for understanding perception and mechanisms underlying social cognitive disorders.
You’ve just watched JoVE’s introduction to using confederates in experimental studies. Now you should have a good understanding of how to design and perform the experiment, as well as analyze results and apply the phenomenon.
Thanks for watching!
Résultats
The procedure demonstrated in this research was repeated 155 times so that the results reflect data from 156 total participants. 78 of the participants were told that the confederate was a head residence hall assistant (first condition) while the other 78 participants were told that the confederate has no such position of power, i.e., was just a regular student like the participant (second condition).
The data graphed reflect the average number of behaviors the participant mimicked while observing the confederate (Figure 3). Recall that there were 7 possible behaviors to mimic so participants’ scores could range between 0 and 7.
To determine if there were differences between the high and equal power conditions, a t-test was performed for independent means. The results indicated that participants who believed the confederate had higher power mimicked a greater number of behaviors than those who believed they had similar power.
Figure 3: Average number of behaviors mimicked by perceived power condition.
Applications and Summary
Confederates are common in psychology research. For example, a confederate can give participants specific suggestions or information that can later influence memory.2 Researchers also use confederates in field studies to recreate everyday interactions. For example, when a male confederate interacted with a baby, women liked him better than when he ignored the baby.3 This study replicates and extends previous research on embodiment, which showed that those who want to feel affiliated to another person are more likely to engage in nonconscious mimicry.4 A number of factors may influence the extent to which a person non-consciously mimics another. For example, a recent experiment induced participants to feel a sense of prideful, positive, or neutral feelings.5 The results indicated that participants who felt a sense of pride were less likely to mimic a confederate’s foot shaking behavior.
References
- Seltzer, N., & The Staff of the Princeton Review. 1,014 GRE practice questions. (L. Braswell, R. Lessem, S. Coppock, & H. Brady, Eds.). New York, NY: Random House (2009).
- Davis, S. D., & Meade, M. L. Both young and older adults discount suggestions from older adults on a social memory test. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 20 (4), 760-765. doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0392-5 (2013).
- Guéguen, N. Cues of men's parental investment and attractiveness for women: A field experiment. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 24 (3), 296-300. doi:10.1080/10911359.2013.820160 (2014).
- Lakin, J. L., & Chartrand, T. L. Using nonconscious behavioral mimicry to create affiliation and rapport. Psychological Science. 14 (4), 334-339 doi:10.1111/1467-9280.14481 (2003).
- Dickens, L., & DeSteno, D. Pride attenuates nonconscious mimicry. Emotion. 14 (1), 7-11. doi:10.1037/a0035291 (2014).
Transcription
Confederates, or research actors, are commonly employed in psychology experiments to secretly participate along with actual subjects.
By using confederates, researchers study participants in complex social settings and reliably capture naïve reactions.
Through the incorporation of confederates, this video demonstrates how to design, perform, analyze, and interpret an experiment where non-conscious mimicry is reliably measured.
In this case, researchers manipulate the experimental setting to test whether a participant is more likely to mimic a person with greater social power versus a person with similar power.
This experiment uses a two-group design with a critical element: a hired actor or confederate. The confederate acts according to the researcher’s directions, which allows for secret observations.
Subjects think that they are observing other participants’ behaviors as they work on math problems through a one-way mirror. In actuality, the researcher is interested in whether or not the subjects subsequently mimic behaviors acted out by the confederate as he works on each math problem.
Half of the student participants are told that the confederate is in a more powerful position as a head residence hall assistant, whereas the other half are told that the confederate is equal in power as a regular student.
The participants are then asked to score the questions that they think the confederate got right or wrong. At the same time participants are scoring each problem, the researcher observes them and tallies the dependent variable—the number of behaviors mimicked.
If the perceived status of the confederate influences the participants’ responses, those who believe the confederate had higher power will mimic a greater number of behaviors than those who believe the confederate has equal power.
To conduct the experiment, you will need: informed consent and final debriefing papers, pens, a sheet of GRE-level math problems, a one-way mirror for observation, and a chart of behaviors to tally.
To begin the experiment, meet the participant in the lab. Guide all participants through the consent process and discuss the overall plan for the session.
Lead the participant into the window side of the room with a one-way mirror. State that they will be viewing another participant on the mirrored side as they complete GRE-level math problems. Convey to the participant that they need to carefully remember behaviors performed by the other participant.
While the participant is waiting in the room for someone to appear on the other side, meet the confederate actor. Instruct them to respectively engage in the following seven key behaviors in order with seven math problems: playing with their hair, putting a pen in their mouth, tapping their fingers on the desk, touching their face, wrinkling their nose, whistling, and leaning back in the chair.
Now lead the confederate to the chair in front of the mirror-side of the one-way mirror. Provide them with the same informed consent papers and research guidelines so that the participant believes the confederate is indeed another normal participant. Before leaving the room, hand a sheet of math problems to the confederate to complete.
After handing the confederate the sheet of GRE math problems, return to the original participant with a pen and a copy of the math problems. Tell them that the other observed participant is either: (1) a head residence hall assistant on campus, or (2) another normal student participant.
After the confederate leaves the room, instruct the participant to mark questions they think the confederate got correct with a star or incorrect with an X. Simultaneously check whether or not the participant imitates the confederate’s behavior when scoring each question.
At the conclusion of the experiment, debrief participants and explain why deception was necessary for the experiment.
To analyze how confederates influence the outcome, tally the number of behaviors mimicked for each condition.
The data are then graphed by plotting the mean number of behaviors mimicked in each condition. In this experiment, participants who believed the confederate was a Resident Hall Assistant imitated a greater number of behaviors than those who believed the confederate was a student.
Now that you are familiar with how psychology experiments are cleverly implemented with confederates, let’s take a look at how various researchers employ confederates to affect social behaviors.
In a recent study, confederates were used to examine social influences on remembering. A confederate gave participants misinformation that led to incorrect memories being recalled. Thus, the use of confederates shows that memory recall is socially contagious.
In another experiment, confederates were used to examine social cues of attraction. When a male confederate interacted with a female confederate’s baby, women who witnessed the interaction liked him better than when he ignored the baby.
Neuroscientists are interested in how our brains process mimicking the actions of others. Discovering the neurophysiological correlates is critical for understanding perception and mechanisms underlying social cognitive disorders.
You’ve just watched JoVE’s introduction to using confederates in experimental studies. Now you should have a good understanding of how to design and perform the experiment, as well as analyze results and apply the phenomenon.
Thanks for watching!