Summary

用于在虚拟改良的 Box and Block 测试期间定量评估运动和肌肉活动的设置

Published: January 12, 2024
doi:

Summary

此处描述的协议旨在加强上肢缺陷的定量评估,目的是开发额外的技术,以便在临床和家中进行远程评估。虚拟现实和生物传感器技术与标准临床技术相结合,提供对神经肌肉系统功能的见解。

Abstract

移动的能力使我们能够与世界互动。当这种能力受损时,它会显着降低一个人的生活质量和独立性,并可能导致并发症。由于获得面对面服务的机会有限,远程患者评估和康复的重要性最近有所增加。例如,COVID-19 大流行出乎意料地导致了严格的法规,减少了获得非紧急医疗保健服务的机会。此外,远程护理为解决农村、服务不足和低收入地区的医疗保健差异提供了机会,这些地区的服务机会仍然有限。

通过远程护理选项提高可及性将限制医院或专家就诊的次数,并使常规护理更加实惠。最后,使用现成的商用消费电子产品进行家庭护理可以提高患者的预后,因为可以改善对症状、治疗效果和治疗剂量的定量观察。虽然远程护理是解决这些问题的一种有前途的方法,但对于此类应用,迫切需要定量描述运动障碍。以下协议旨在解决这一知识差距,使临床医生和研究人员能够获得有关复杂运动和潜在肌肉活动的高分辨率数据。最终目标是开发远程管理功能临床测试的协议。

在这里,参与者被指示执行一项受医学启发的 Box and Block 任务 (BBT),该任务经常用于评估手部功能。这项任务要求受试者在由屏障隔开的两个隔间之间运输标准化的立方体。我们在虚拟现实中实施了修改后的 BBT,以展示开发远程评估协议的潜力。使用表面肌电图捕获每个受试者的肌肉激活。该协议允许获取高质量数据,以详细和定量的方式更好地描述运动障碍。最终,这些数据有可能用于开发虚拟康复和远程患者监测方案。

Introduction

运动是我们与世界互动的方式。虽然拿起一杯水或步行上班等日常活动可能看起来很简单,但即使是这些运动也依赖于中枢神经系统、肌肉和四肢之间的复杂信号1。因此,个人独立性和生活质量与个人的肢体功能水平高度相关 2,3。神经损伤,如脊髓损伤 (SCI) 或周围神经损伤,可导致永久性运动缺陷,从而削弱一个人执行简单日常生活活动的能力 4,5。根据美国国家神经疾病和中风研究所的数据,美国有超过 1 亿人患有运动缺陷,其中中风是主要原因之一 6,7,8。由于这些损伤的性质,患者通常需要长期护理,其中定量运动评估和远程治疗可能有益。

目前治疗运动障碍的实践通常需要通过训练有素的专家(如物理或职业治疗师)的观察对功能进行初步和持续的临床评估。经过标准验证的临床测试通常需要训练有素的专业人员进行管理,并有特定的时间限制和预定义运动或功能任务的主观评分。然而,即使在健康个体中,也可以通过不同的关节角度组合来完成相同的运动。这个概念被称为肌肉骨骼冗余。

功能性临床测试通常不考虑受试者间差异背后的个体冗余。对于临床医生和研究人员来说,区分冗余引起的正常变异性和运动的病理变化仍然是一个挑战。由训练有素的评分员进行的标准化临床评估利用低分辨率评分系统来减少评分者之间的差异并提高测试的有效性。然而,这会引入天花板效应,从而降低可能有轻度运动缺陷的受试者的敏感性和预测效度 9,10。此外,这些临床测试无法区分缺陷是由被动的身体力学还是主动肌肉协调引起的,这在初始诊断和设计患者特定的康复计划时可能很重要。随机临床试验显示,根据这些临床试验提供的证据制定的治疗计划的疗效不一致 11,12,13。几项研究强调了定量、用户友好的临床指标的必要性,这些指标可用于指导未来干预措施的设计14,15

在以前的研究中,我们展示了使用现成的消费级动作捕捉设备在中风后手臂损伤中实施自动运动评估,以及评估乳腺癌患者胸部手术后的肩部功能16,17。此外,我们已经表明,与关节角度相比,使用主动关节力矩来估计特定主动运动的肌肉力矩是衡量中风后运动缺陷的更敏感指标18。因此,动作捕捉和表面肌电图 (EMG) 在评估通过标准临床测试诊断为无症状但可能仍出现运动困难、疲劳或疼痛的患者时可能至关重要。本文描述了一个系统,该系统可以在标准临床试验期间对运动进行详细和定量的表征,以便将来开发运动障碍患者群体的家庭评估和康复方法。

虚拟现实 (VR) 可用于构建沉浸式用户体验,同时对日常任务进行建模。通常,VR 系统会跟踪用户的手部动作,以便与虚拟环境进行模拟交互。我们在这里描述的协议使用消费类 VR 产品进行动作捕捉来量化运动缺陷的评估,类似于其他研究表明使用现成的视频游戏控制器对中风或肩部手术后的损伤进行定量评估16,17。此外,肌电图是肌肉收缩潜在神经活动的非侵入性测量19。因此,肌电图可用于间接评估运动的神经控制质量,并提供运动功能的详细评估。肌肉和神经损伤可以通过 EMG 检测到,肌肉萎缩症和脑瘫等疾病通常使用这种技术进行监测20,21。此外,肌电图可用于跟踪肌肉力量或痉挛的变化,这在运动学评估中可能不明显22,23,以及疲劳和肌肉共激活。诸如此类的指标对于考虑康复进展至关重要 23,24,25。

这里描述的实验范式试图利用 VR 和 EMG 的组合来解决传统临床评估工具的局限性。在这里,参与者被要求使用真实物体和 VR 执行修改后的 Box and Block 任务 (BBT)26 。标准 BBT 是一种用于大体上肢功能一般评估的临床工具,其中要求受试者在一分钟内将尽可能多的 2.5 cm 块从一个隔室移动到相邻的隔室。虽然通常用于可靠地评估中风或其他神经肌肉疾病(例如,上肢麻痹、痉挛性偏瘫)患者的缺陷,但也报告了 6-89 岁26 岁的健康儿童和成人的规范数据。虚拟运动评估用于模拟在现实生活中执行的经过验证的临床测试的功能方面。这里使用 VR 来减少所需的硬件,同时允许提供标准化指令和编程、自动评分。因此,不再需要由训练有素的专业人员进行持续监督。

本研究中的 BBT 已被简化为专注于捕捉出现在同一位置的时间到达和抓取一个块。这最大限度地提高了动作的可重复性,并最大限度地减少了记录数据中的受试者间差异。最后,虚拟现实耳机的购买价格低至 300 美元,并且有可能容纳多个评估。一旦编程,这将显着降低与典型专业评估相关的成本,并允许在临床和远程/家庭环境中增加这些标准的、经过验证的临床试验的可及性。

Protocol

实验程序由西弗吉尼亚大学机构审查委员会 (IRB) 批准,协议 # 1311129283,并遵守赫尔辛基宣言的原则。该协议的风险很小,但有必要向参与者解释所有程序和潜在风险,并获得书面知情同意书,并附有机构伦理审查委员会批准的文件。 1. 系统特点和设计 注意:该协议的设置包括以下元素:(1) EMG 传感器和底座,(2) EMG 数据采集 (DAQ) ?…

Representative Results

从使用此协议的受试者那里获得的 EMG、运动学和力数据可用于表征同一任务重复以及不同任务期间的运动。此处显示的数据代表健康对照参与者的结果,以证明此设置的可行性。 图 3 显示了在 VR 中执行修改后的 BBT 的健康受试者记录的代表性 EMG 配置文件。可以看到前三角肌 (DELT_A) 的高度肌肉激活,表明它是手臂每次伸展运动的主要推动者。前臂和手腕伸肌(ECU 和 ECR?…

Discussion

肌电图
肌电图系统的硬件由 15 个用于获取肌肉激活数据的肌电图传感器组成。使用市售的应用程序编程接口 (API) 生成定制的 EMG 记录软件。VR 系统硬件包括一个用于显示沉浸式 VR 环境的虚拟现实耳机和一根用于将耳机连接到存储虚拟评估任务的专用计算机的电缆。该软件由用于创建和运行 VR 任务的 3D 计算机图形软件组成。在这里,一个修改后的盒子和块测试,改编自流行的?…

Divulgaciones

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项工作得到了国防部卫生事务助理部长办公室通过恢复神经肌肉骨骼损伤战士研究计划 (RESTORE) 的支持,奖励号为 W81XWH-21-1-0138。意见、解释、结论和建议是作者的观点、解释、结论和建议,不一定得到国防部的认可。

Materials

Armless Chair N/A A chair for subjects to sit in should be armless so that their arms are not interfered with.
Computer Dell Technologies Three computers were used to accompany the data acquisition equipment.
Leap Motion Controller Ultraleap Optical hand tracking module that captures the hand and finger movement. The controller has two 640 x 240-pixel near-infrared cameras (120 Hz), which are capable of tracking movement up to 60 cm from the device and in a 140 x 120° field of view. This device was attached to the VR headset or secured above the head during movement.
MATLAB MathWorks, Inc.  Programming platform used to develop custom data acquisition software
Oculus Quest 2 Meta Immersive virtual reality headset equipped with hand tracking ability through 4 infrared build-in cameras (72-120 Hz). Can be substituted with other similar devices (ex. HTC Vive, HP Reverb, Playstation VR).
Oculus Quest 2 Link cable Meta Used to connect the headset to the computer where the VR game was stored
PhaseSpace Motion Capture PhaseSpace, Inc. Markered motion capture system, consisting of a server, cameras with 60° field of view, red light emitting diode (LED) as markers, and a calibration object
Trigno Wireless System Delsys, Inc. By Delsys Inc., includes EMG, accelerometer, force sensors, a base station, and collection software. The Trigno-MATLAB Application Programming Interface (API) was used to develop custom recording software.
UnReal Engine 4 Epic Games Software used to create and run the modified Box and Block Task in VR

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Taitano, R. I., Yough, M. G., Hanna, K., Korol, A. S., Gritsenko, V. Setup for the Quantitative Assessment of Motion and Muscle Activity During a Virtual Modified Box and Block Test. J. Vis. Exp. (203), e65736, doi:10.3791/65736 (2024).

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