Spherical coordinates, an extension of polar coordinates, describe a vector's position in three-dimensional space. Unlike cylindrical coordinates, which describe systems with cylindrical symmetry, spherical coordinates are applied to explain systems with spherical symmetry. A vector in a spherical coordinate system is defined using the radial, polar, and azimuthal scalar components. The radial component, which ranges from zero to infinity, specifies the vector's distance from its origin. The polar angle ranges from zero to π and measures the angle between the positive z-axis and the vector. The azimuthal angle, which ranges from zero to two π, measures the angle between the x-axis and the orthogonal projection of the vector onto the xy-plane. A surface with a constant radius traces a sphere in a three-dimensional spherical coordinate system. On the other hand, surfaces with a constant polar angle form half-cones, and those with a constant azimuthal angle form half-planes. The transformation equations are used to convert a vector in spherical coordinates to cartesian coordinates. Similarly, conversion from spherical to cylindrical coordinates is possible.