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Chapter 4

Химические количества и водные реакции

Chapter 4

Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions

A balanced chemical equation provides a great deal of information in a very succinct format. Chemical formulas provide the identities of the reactants and …
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in …
The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product estimated to form based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The …
Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed …
The relative amount of a given solution component is known as its concentration. Often, though not always, a solution contains one component with a …
Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a …
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. …
Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical …
In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs …
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions Earth’s atmosphere contains about 20% molecular oxygen, O2, a chemically reactive gas that plays an essential …
In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the …
An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to …
Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The …
A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory …
Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the …
Quantifying temperature and moisture at the soil surface is essential for understanding how soil surface biota respond to changes in the environment. …