Concrete subjected to sulfate attack typically exhibits a distinct whitish appearance, often first noticeable at the edges and corners, with subsequent …
Seawater-exposed concrete structures experience the dissolution of the needle-shaped crystals of ettringite and gypsum, increasing porosity and reducing …
Acids interacting with concrete dissolve the hydrated cement paste, leading to a softened and structurally weakened material.
Acidity breaks down the …
Aggregates naturally contain siliceous minerals that react with the alkaline hydroxides from cement alkalis.
The alkali-silica gel formed attracts water …
Inside a concrete mass, high alkalinity of calcium hydroxide with a pH of around 13 shields steel reinforcement from corrosion by creating a protective …
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), sometimes referred to as surface potential microscopy, is the nanoscale version of the venerable scanning Kelvin …
