Introduction to Signals and Systems

Signals are sets of data or information. One-dimensional signals include single-variable functions, such as the variations in air pressure over time in …

Signals are categorized as Continuous-time or discrete-time, Periodic or aperiodic, Analog or digital, and Causal or noncausal. A continuous-time signal …

Consider an electric system with a resistor. Here, the voltage and current signals enable power and energy measurement across the resistor. For a …

An even signal, either in continuous-time or discrete-time, is defined as a signal that matches its own time-reversed version. Even signals are …

Basic continuous-time signals include the unit step function, unit impulse function, and unit ramp function. These are collectively referred to as …

The unit rectangular pulse function is mathematically represented by the rectangular function centered at the origin with a height of one unit. Two …

The exponential function serves as an essential tool for characterizing waveforms that rise and decay rapidly. This function is defined using the …

The unit step sequence is expressed as 1 for zero and positive values of integer 'n'. This can be graphically displayed using a set of eight …

Basic signal operations are time reversal, scaling, shifting, and amplitude transformations. Time reversal mirrors a continuous-time signal about the …

Linearity is a system property with a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity. Homogeneity dictates that if an input is …

Continuous-time systems have continuous input and output signals, with time measured continuously, and are generally defined by differential or algebraic …