The goal of this protocol is to form simulated hydrothermal chimneys via chemical garden injection experiments and introduce a thermal gradient across the inorganic precipitate membrane, using a 3D printable condenser that can be reproduced for educational purposes.
Hermis, N., LeBlanc, G., Barge, L. M. Simulation of Early Earth Hydrothermal Chimneys in a Thermal Gradient Environment. J. Vis. Exp. (168), e61789, doi:10.3791/61789 (2021).