High and Low Throughput Screens with Root-knot Nematodes Meloidogyne spp.

1. Tomato Seedling Growth in Pots and Trays

1. For pot assays, plant tomato seeds in a single pot in an organic-rich soil such as Sunshine mix. Maintain in a greenhouse at 22-28°C. After germination, fertilize once a week with Miracle-Gro.
2. About two weeks after germination, at the two true-leaf stage, transplant individually the seedlings into pots (10 cm diameter and 17 cm deep) filled with sterile sandy soil containing 90% sand and 10% organic mix. Add Osmocote slow release fertilizer and maintain in a greenhouse at 22-28°C for two weeks. Continue to fertilize plants once a week with Miracle-Gro.
3. For high-throughput screens, plant seeds directly in trays in sandy soil, cover the tray with plastic wrap until germination and maintain as above. After germination, add Osmocote slow release fertilizer and fertilize once a week with Miracle-Gro.

2. Cowpea Growth in Seedling Pouches

1. Seeds are either germinated in a Petri dish, lined with several layers of Kimwipe paper, and transferred singly to pouches or placed directly into the paper groove of the pouch and germinated.
2. Place the pouches in a plastic hanging file folder, two per folder, and arrange the folders in a rack in a vertical position. Place the rack in a controlled-environment chamber maintained at a temperature of 25-28 °C and 16 h light / 8 h dark cycle. Racks also can be maintained in a greenhouse, but require a foil or stiff paper cover placed over the rack on both sides of the plant stems, to reduce potential for fungal contamination.
3. Water the pouches once or twice per day with reverse osmosis water. About 10 to 14 days after seeding, when an adequate root system with tertiary root tips has developed (Figure 1), the seedlings are ready for inoculation.

3. Extraction of Nematode Eggs

Extraction of eggs from infected roots is modified from a protocol developed by Hussey and Barker (1973).

1. Three to four days before nematode inoculation, extract root-knot nematode eggs from infected tomato roots. Before starting egg extraction, wash the work area thoroughly with hot water to avoid contamination. Also wash in hot water a blender, two buckets, a wire mesh support, a rubber mallet, three sieves of 425, 90 and 25 μm aperture, a graduated cylinder and scissors.
2. Stack the sieves from top to bottom in the following order: 425, 90 and 25 μm aperture. The eggs will be collected on the 25 μm sieve at the bottom. Put the sieves on a wire mesh supported in a sink. Put a bucket under the wire mesh to collect the run-through solution.
3. Cut the tops of the infected plant(s), used as the source of the inoculum, and discard. Carefully remove the plant from the pot. Wash the roots by dipping in a plastic bucket full of water. Rinse the roots further under running water until the soil particles are washed away from the roots.
4. Cut the roots with scissors into small pieces. Dispose of the taproot.
5. Put the chopped roots from a single plant in a large plastic jar with a lid, add just enough 10% bleach solution to cover the roots and close the lid.
6. Shake the jar containing the roots for 2 min.
7. Open the jar and pour the roots onto the top sieve and wash with a hose attached to a misting nozzle. Wash well until all the bleach smell is gone. Use a mallet to tap the sides of the sieves to avoid clogging the sieve pores.
8. Remove the top sieve and rinse the debris on the second sieve.
9. Remove the second sieve and collect the fine debris, which includes the eggs, from the last sieve. With a gentle stream from a water bottle, move the debris to one side of the sieve. Collect the debris and eggs into a clean beaker with minimum amount of water.
10. Sieve once more the water collected in the bucket through the 25 μm sieve to collect any eggs that may have escaped. Rinse well with water and collect in the same beaker.
11. Discard the plant debris from the top sieve and wash thoroughly all three sieves with pressurized water. Do not touch the mesh part of the sieves as it may distort the pore size.

4. Hatching Nematode Eggs

1. Line a clean metal basket with a few layers of Kimwipe paper and fit on a glass Petri dish. Allow a 1-cm distance between the bottom of the basket and the dish.
2. Pour the extracted nematode eggs onto the paper in the wire basket. Add enough liquid so that the bottom of the wire basket touches the water surface but is not immersed in water. Cover the top with a plastic lid.
3. Every day check for water evaporation and add some water in the Petri dish so that the bottom of the basket touches the water. This will prevent the eggs from drying out.
4. Every other day, collect the water that contains the J2s from the Petri dishes into a beaker. If not used immediately, aerate the collected inoculum at room temperature using a lab air supply or air generated by an aquarium pump. Use the aerated inoculum within 2 days. J2s may be collected from the hatching set up over a period of 6-8 days.

5. Tomato Root Infection in Pots or Trays and Evaluation of Infection

1. Use three aliquots of the collected nematodes to count the number of J2s in a counting slide or dish, calculate the average and determine the desired volume for inoculation. Typically 3000 J2s are used per plant in pots and 500 J2s for plants grown in seedling trays.
2. Stir the inoculum on a magnetic stirring plate at low speed.
3. Before you inoculate the plants, make sure that the soil is moist but not too wet. For pot inoculation, make three holes of about half-pot depth in the sand around each tomato root system using a pencil (Figure 2). Inoculate each plant by delivering the J2s into the three holes using a pipette. Afterwards, cover the holes.
4. For the high-throughput screens in trays, use a modified sealed tip needle with holes on the sides glued to a 5-ml pipette tip along a pipetter (Figure 3) to deliver the J2s into the soil. Alternatively, nematodes can be delivered as in step 5.3.
5. Maintain the plants in a greenhouse at 24-27°C for six to eight weeks. Continue to fertilize twice a month with Miracle-Gro.
6. For evaluation of infection, carefully remove the plants from the pots and wash the roots (as described in step 3.3).
7. Stain the egg masses blue by submerging the roots in 1 mg/L erioglaucine, for 15 min.
8. Rinse the roots in water and evaluate by counting the stained egg masses on individual root system. An illuminated desk magnifier can be used to help visualize the egg masses.
9. If the screened plants are needed for further genetic studies, do not cut the tops before washing the roots for evaluation. After staining and counting the egg masses, transplant the seedlings in organic soil, prune the tops heavily to reduce transpiration, and maintain in a greenhouse.

6. Cowpea Root Infection in Pouches and Evaluation of Infection

1. Count the nematode inoculum and stir on a magnetic stirring plate as described earlier.
2. Remove the pouches from the hanging folders and place on a horizontal surface. Inoculate each pouch with 1500 J2s in 5 ml. Lift the plastic cover of the pouch and distribute the nematodes evenly over the surface of the roots.
3. Keep the pouches in a horizontal position for 24 h after inoculation, covered with dark paper to exclude light, then return to the hanging folders in the growth chamber.
4. Water the plants as needed, once or twice daily, with half-strength Hoagland’s solution (Hoagland & Arnon, 1950; Table 1) until a response to the fertilizer is observed, typically enhanced foliage greening and more vigorous shoot growth. Usually the plants are watered with half-strength Hoagland 3 days in a row. Afterwards, keep the pouches moist with water.
5. Approximately 30 days (range 28-35 days) after inoculation, infuse each pouch with about 10-20 ml of 75 mg/L erioglaucine. Keep the pouches flooded with the dye in a horizontal position overnight.
6. Drain the pouches and evaluate the root systems by counting the egg masses under an illuminated desk magnifier.
7. If the screened plants are needed for further genetic studies or breeding work, carefully pull out the roots from the paper, transplant in organic soil in pots and maintain in a greenhouse.

7. Representative Results

The appropriate stages of tomato and cowpea plants for nematode inoculations for the two systems described are shown in Figures 1 and 2. In addition, examples of well-infected roots of tomato and cowpea are shown in Figures 4 and 5. As in most disease resistance screens, it is advisable to use at least 6-10 plants per genotype for nematode inoculation to calculate the average of the infection rate. Variation in nematode infection between plants, of the same genotype, can be reduced by using uniform plant size and accurate amount and delivery of inoculum.

The use of trays and growth pouches enables screening of hundreds to thousands of plants in a small growth space. Growth pouches also allow fast and efficient non-destructive evaluation of root-knot nematode infections with no need for washing roots (Figure 4).

Figure 1. A two week-old cowpea plant grown in a pouch and ready for root-knot nematode inoculation.

Figure 2. A three week-old tomato plant ready for root-knot nematode inoculation.

Figure 3. A modified needle and pipette tip used for high-throughput inoculation of nematodes. The bottom of a needle was sealed and three sets of holes were drilled in the needle using a laser beam. Then, the modified needle was glued to a 5-ml pipette tip.

Figure 4. A tomato root system infected with root-knot nematodes.

Figure 5. A cowpea root system with egg masses stained with erioglaucine 30 days post-inoculation grown at 28 °C.