Cercarial Transformation and in vitro Cultivation of Schistosoma mansoni Schistosomules

Safety measures:

Schistosome cercariae can directly penetrate the skin without the needs of a cut or pores, and cause the chronic disease schistosomiasis. S. mansoni is a biosafety level 2 organism, therefore proper personal protective equipment and proper safety measures must be followed when working with infective cercaria. Most of the equipment necessary to grow and transform schistosomes is standard, with a few key exceptions noted in the table at the end of the protocol. All cercarial work should be done in an isolated room. Schistosomules should be cultured in a sterile, approved biosafety hood. Two layers of nitrile or latex gloves should be worn, as should a lab coat, a waterproof pair of shoes, pants with no holes or tears, and waterproof sleeve protectors for your wrists and arms. In case of an accidental spill, immediately spray contaminated area with 70% ethanol or 10% bleach, rubbing vigorously if on your person. This will be sufficient to disable the parasite, but all possible infections should be reported and taken seriously. Although schistosomules are not innately infective, institutional guidelines vary, and should be consulted to determine whether BSL2 precautions are required during noninfectious life stages. Disinfect all surfaces that come into contact with any potentially infectious substance after the experiment is performed and discard waste in an approved biohazard container.

NOTE: Cover snail host bins 1 to 2 days prior to shedding and protect from light

1. Harvesting cercariae from the snail host

1. Fill a clean, 500mL beaker free of detergents halfway full with distilled water equilibrated to room temperature. If working with host snails infected with miracidia on different dates, use a separate beaker for each infection date (This is particularly important if the snails will be reused for future experiments). The size of the beaker can also be smaller depending on the experience of the user.
2. Collect infected snail hosts you wish to shed and carefully deposit them in the beaker using a standard aquarium fish net and general purpose forceps as needed.
3. Place beaker on an emergency spill tray approximately 8 to 12 inches beneath an incandescent light source. Let stand for 1-2 hours under the light. Cercariae exit the snail host when exposed to bright light.
4. Carefully filter out snails from the cercariae mixture. Take extra safety precautions, as mixture is highly infectious. Remember, cercariae can directly penetrate human skin!
5. Replace mixture under light source for about 15 minutes, allowing any particulate waste matter to settle.
6. Transfer cercariae into a clean Erlenmeyer flask using a pipet, avoiding the debris at the bottom of the beaker. Place the flask at approximately a 45° angle on ice in the dark for 45 – 60 minutes, allowing cercariae to settle into one corner.
7. Use a 50 mL pipet to remove 75 to 90% of the supernatant and deposit it in beaker containing 10% bleach or 70% ethanol, taking care not to let water drops containing cercariae drip from the pipet.
8. Swirl the Erlenmeyer flask containing cercariae gently to resuspend the cercariae in solution. Use a pipet to transfer the sample to sterile 50 ml conical tubes. Place tubes again on ice for 20 minutes in the dark. Cercariae will settle towards the bottom of the tube in the dark.

2. Manual transformation of cercariae to schistosomules

Before you begin: Make RPMI 1640 complete (RPMI, 5% Fetal Bovine Serum, 1X Pen/Strep) and warm to 37°C. (It is crucial that the fetal bovine serum used has been inactivated by incubation a 56°C for 1 hour as schistosomes can be sensitive to complement).

1. In a biohazard hood, remove supernatant down to 5 to 10 ml of solution in each 50 ml conical using a pipettor or vacuum device.
2. Attach a 22 gauge double-ended, luer lok emulsifying needle to an appropriately sized syringe.
3. Slowly draw mixture into the syringe. Collect cercariae from all 50 ml tubes in a syringe. Be attentive of dripping.
4. Carefully turn syringe over such that the unattached needle end is up. Attach another syringe to this side of the emulsifying needle.
5. Pass the mixture through the needle a total of 40 times (20 times back and forth) to transform the cercariae.
6. Position the syringes vertically such that the mixture is contained in the bottom syringe and the top syringe is empty. Remove top syringe and disinfect in 70% Ethanol.
7. Deposit mixture drop by drop into a clean high walled 100mm x 50mm pyrex dish or crystallizing dish. Disinfect needle and syringe in 70% Ethanol.
8. Add 37°C RPMI 1640 complete media such that the bottom of the Petri dish is completely covered, as if pouring a Luria broth plate.
9. Swirl gently to collect schistosomules in the center of the Petri dish. Avoid splashing.
   Note: It may be useful to turn off the hood light for this step to more adequately visualize the schistosomules in the center.
10. Immediately deposit concentrated schistosomules into a fresh 12-well cell culture plate well using a sterile dropper.
11. Repeat 2.9 and 2.10 until schistosomules are no longer present in the center of the dish (approximately 10 times). Deposit each subsequent collection in a fresh well.
12. Fill each well up halfway (˜1.5 mL ) with prewarmed RPMI complete media.
13. Visualize on an inverted microscope to verify presence of schistosomules and absence of cercariae.
14. Grow the schistosomules in a CO₂ incubator set to 37°C and 5% CO₂.

3. Representative Results:

Pending transfer of transformed schistosomules into culture media, visualization under an inverted bright-field microscope (See equipment table for an example) should yield an image similar to Figure 1, in which only transformed schistosomules are present in the well. Potential contaminants could include intact cercariae, severed cercarial tails, or other debris. If no inverted microscope is available, a standard microscope or even a dissection scope will be sufficient to visualize the schistosomules. Note that this procedure does not always transform 100% of cercariae.

Figure 1: Transformed Schistosomulum

Figure 2: Cercariae and Severed Tails