Cell Block Preparation from Cytology Specimen with Predominance of Individually Scattered Cells

Introduction:

This is a video describing Shidham’s method for cell block preparation from liquid based cytology (LBC) specimen using HistoGelTM (Thermo Scientific) (HG). As compared to other random approaches, the following are the two critical features of this protocol for preparing cell blocks from relatively hypocellular specimens with singly scattered loose cells (1-5).

1. This protocol involves steps to concentrate the cells along the plane parallel to the cutting surface of the cell block.
2. It also includes a beacon-like dark inclusion of AV-marker (Figure 1b), which serves two of the following purposes:
   1. To visualize the level at which the cells are concentrated. The area of the cell block with the cells of interest now could be visualized by the histotechnologist when the dark colored beacon is exposed during cutting. This ability to monitor would prevent one from cutting through the level with most of the cells, or not cutting too superficial into the level with highest concentration of sample cells.
   2. To serve as a locator reference point in serial cell block section on different slides. This reference point acts as a beacon to help locate particular cells or groups of cells for evaluation of a coordinate immunoreactivity pattern with the SCIP approach (6,7).

PROTOCOL (Figure 2)

Preparation of the sample.

1. Transfer the residual LBC cervical cytology specimen to a flat bottom glass tube (15mm diameter x 45mm) (Figure 2.1 through 2.4).  Place the glass tube into a larger plastic carrier tube (28 x 85mm) and centrifuge.  Remove the glass bottom tube from the carrier tube and pour off the supernatant.
2. The glass tube is then capped (to prevent spillage of heating water in the next step) and placed back inside a larger flat bottom carrier plastic tube
3. The carrier plastic tube containing the glass tube is then capped, placed in a centrifuge (with swiveling cups and not fixed angle cups so that the cells fall perpendicularly to the flat bottom of the glass tube), and spun at 1805 G (3000 rpms, rotor radius- 17cm) for five minutes (Figure 2.5).
4. The tubes are then removed vertically from the centrifuge and the smaller glass tube is removed with forceps from the larger carrier plastic tube without disturbing the sedimented pellet with cells.
5. The glass tube with specimen is uncapped and the supernatant is poured off taking care not to disturb the flat layer of sediment cells at the bottom (Figure 2.6).

Inclusion of the reference coordinate AV-marker and addition of gel

1. A dark beacon AV-marker (about 2 mm X 2 mm size, flat surfaced, fragment of dark colored, sectionable material) (Figure 3) is added as a signpost to the glass tube (Figure 2.7).
2. Liquefy an aliquot of HG by melting it in microwave for 10 seconds at medium power.
3. Add 0.5 ml of molten HG to the tube, mix with the sediment quickly, and recap it (Figure 2.8) (Proceed to the next step quickly without allowing the HG to begin solidifying).
4. Add about 2.5 ml of warm (45° C) water to the carrier plastic tube (Figure 2.9).
5. The smaller capped glass tube is placed inside the plastic tube with warm water. (This step is necessary to keep the HG from solidifying during the next steps) (Figure 2.9).
6. The carrier plastic tube is placed in the centrifuge (with swiveling cups and not fixed angle cups so that the cells fall perpendicularly to the flat bottom of the glass tube), and spun at 1805 G (3000 rpms, rotor radius- 17cm) for five minutes. The purpose of this centrifugation step is to push the AV-marker and to concentrate the cells into a layer closer to the cutting surface of the final paraffin embedded cell block (Figure 1d).
7. The tubes are then removed gently and vertically from the centrifuge taking care not to disturb the sedimented thin layer with sample cells at the bottom.
8. The larger plastic tube is uncapped and the smaller glass tube is removed vertically by a forceps without disturbing the sediment layer of specimen cells.
9. The small glass tube is refrigerated in vertical position for 15 minutes to cool and solidify the HG (Figure 2.11).

Removal of the cell block as a button of gel with specimen for final processing

1. The solidified HG disk, with the layer of concentrated/sediment specimen at the bottom is dislodged from the flat bottom glass tube by squirting 10% formalin through a 23 gauge needle with the syringe (Figure 2.12).
2. The needle is inserted along the side of the tube at the periphery of solidified HG disc with specimen (Figure 2.12).
3. The needle is rotated along the side of the tube while formalin is slowly pushed through the syringe. This results in the separation of the HG button along with dark colored beacon AV-marker and the concentrated specimen in it from the flat bottom of the glass tube (Figure 2.12).
4. The cell block (gel button with specimen cells) is then placed in a labeled cassette and submitted for tissue processing to prepare paraffin embedded cell blocks (Figure 2.13).

Embedding and cutting of the specimen

1. The disk is embedded in paraffin with the dark beacon marker side down as cutting surface (Figure 1).
2. The block is sectioned until the dark colored AV-marker as a beacon is exposed and clearly visible.
3. Three to four micron sections are cut from this level which should contain most of the singly scattered cells from the specimen.
4. The sections are collected on the glass slide for further staining, immunohistochemical staining, or other tests as indicated. The protocols for these tests including the type of slides to use for mounting the sections may vary. Generally for immunostaining, coated slides are used to prevent floating and loss of sections from the slides during the immunostaining steps.

Abbreviations used (in alphabetic order): CISH, chromogenic in-situ hybridization tests; FISH, Fluorescent in-situ hybridization tests; FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded; FNA, fine needle aspiration; HG, HistoGel™ (Thermo Scientific); LBC, liquid based cytology; PCR polymerase chain reaction;

Figure 1. The structure of cell block prepared by Shidham’s protocol.

Figure 2. The summary of different steps for preparing cell block from LBC specimen by Shidham’s protocol.

Figure 3. Preparation of AV-marker from banana peels.

Figure 4. Comparison of cell blocks and sections with and without AV-marker.

Figure 5. Comparison of cellularity of sections of cell block with and without AV-marker.