Precipitation Reactions

In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or metathesis reactions (Greek for “to transpose”). A precipitation reaction is used as an analysis technique to identify metal ions in a compound and gravimetric methods for determining the composition of matter.  
 
The extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water, or any solvent, is quantitatively expressed as its solubility, defined as the maximum concentration of a substance that can be achieved under specified conditions. Substances with relatively large solubilities are said to be soluble. A substance will precipitate when solution conditions are such that its concentration exceeds its solubility. Substances with relatively low solubilities are said to be insoluble, and these are the substances that readily precipitate from solution.

For example, precipitation is observed when solutions of potassium iodide and lead nitrate are mixed, resulting in the formation of solid lead iodide:

This observation is consistent with the solubility guidelines: The only insoluble compound among all those involved is lead iodide, one of the exceptions to the general solubility of iodide salts.

The net ionic equation representing this reaction is:

The solubility guidelines may be used to predict whether a precipitation reaction will occur when solutions of soluble ionic compounds are mixed together. One merely needs to identify all the ions present in the solution and then consider if possible cation-anion pairing could result in an insoluble compound. 

For example, mixing solutions of silver nitrate and sodium fluoride will yield a solution containing Ag⁺, NO₃⁻, Na⁺, and F⁻ ions. Aside from the two ionic compounds originally present in the solutions, AgNO₃ and NaF, two additional ionic compounds may be derived from this collection of ions: NaNO₃ and AgF. The solubility guidelines indicate all nitrate salts are soluble but that AgF is one of the exceptions to the general solubility of fluoride salts. A precipitation reaction, therefore, is predicted to occur, as described by the following equations:

This text is adapted from OpenStax Chemistry 2e, Section 4.2: Classifying Chemical Reactions.