Deep inside the human brain are the hollow fluid-filled cavities called ventricles.
There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere.
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The thalamus consists of several groups of paired nuclei, each acting as a relay station to channel the information from specific brain parts into the …
The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and controls various physiological activities.
It consists of several nuclei organized into four …
The medulla oblongata is a critical region of the brainstem. It contains several nuclei having vital functions.
The lateral side of each pyramid has a …
The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter spread across the core of the brainstem.
It is roughly divided into three paired …
Inside the vertebral column is the slender and tubular structure called the spinal cord.
It is shorter than the vertebral column, with a length of about …
In the transverse section of the spinal cord, the gray matter is surrounded by the white matter. The dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure …
The spinal cord helps relay sensory and motor information between the brain and the PNS.
The sensory receptors in the skin detect somatic sensory stimuli, …
The cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves originating directly from the brain and brainstem.
These nerves are a part of the peripheral nervous system …
The facial nerve emerges from the pons and innervates the facial muscles, lacrimal glands, tongue, and salivary glands. It is a mixed nerve that controls …
A plexus is an axon network of the anterior rami of nerves from different spinal regions, except for thoracic nerves T2 to T12, which form the intercostal …
The lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses serve the lower body.
The lumbar plexus is mainly composed of the first four lumbar spinal nerves, that branch …
The brain is wrapped by three membranes called meninges.
The outermost cranial dura mater has the periosteal layer adhering to the inner skull surface and …
The cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF, is a colorless liquid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It comprises water, blood plasma, proteins, glucose, and …
The use of primary cell cultures has become one of the major tools to study the nervous system in vitro. The ultimate goal of using this simplified model …
In a constantly aging population, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders is expected to rise. Understanding disease mechanisms is the key to find …
The brain is the command center for the mammalian nervous system and an organ with enormous structural complexity. Protected within the skull, the brain …