Overview
An organism is diploid if it inherits two variants, or alleles, of each gene, one from each parent. These two alleles constitute the genotype …
Overview
In the 1850s and 1860s, Gregor Mendel investigated inheritance by performing monohybrid crosses in pea plants. He crossed two plants that were …
Overview
To determine whether traits are inherited together or separately, Gregor Mendel crossed pea plants that differed in two traits. These parental …
Overview
The probability of inheriting a trait can be calculated using the sum and product rules. The sum rule is used to calculate the probability of …
The Concept of Multiple Allelism
Multiple allelism describes genes that exist in three or more allelic forms. Although diploid organisms, like humans, …
When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered …
Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause …
When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 …
In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be …
Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological …
The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, …
In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his pea plant breeding experiments, providing evidence for predictable patterns in the inheritance of …
Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Humans and other diploid organisms inherit two alleles of every gene, one from each parent.
An allele is …
Comprehensive genomic analysis has uncovered surprisingly large numbers of genetic alterations in various types of cancers. To robustly and efficiently …
Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most …
Systematic identification and characterization of genetic perturbations have proven useful to decipher gene function and cellular pathways. However, the …