A schematic of the protocols is illustrated in Figure 1.
1. Cell Plating
Plate cells in 96-well plates at different plating densities (Figure 2). For linearity checks on the N2a neuroblastoma cell line, plate 2.5k, 5k, 10k, and 15k cells per well in 3 or 6 wells/group. For linearity checks in rat primary cortical neurons, plate 25k, 50k, 100k, and 200k cells per well in 3 or 6 wells/group. If the cell lines or primary cells of interest look healthy at different plating densities, plate at and around the optimal cell density for that cell type.
Note: In the present study, N2a cells were plated in 100 μl media and primary cortical neurons in 200 μl media on plates that are designed for lower evaporation. For detailed information on cell handling, media, sera, antibiotics, and toxin treatments, please see Unnithan et al. for N2a cells8 and Posimo et al. for primary cortex cultures22.
2. Luminescent ATP Assay
3. Infrared Assays
The rate-limiting factor in these experiments is the infrared staining, as the ATP assay is relatively brief in duration. For the infrared assays, we anticipate that eight 96-well plates can be stained and scanned within one day by staggering two batches of four plates each (see Figure 1). This estimation assumes 20 min of fixation, 30 min of washing, 30 min of blocking, 2 hr primary antibody incubation followed by 30 min of washes, 1 hr secondary antibody incubation followed by 30 min of washes, 30 min DRAQ5 + Sapphire followed by 30 min of washes, and 34 min of scan time for 4 plates. Fifteen additional minutes are factored into Figure 1 for washes in order to account for the staggered pipetting of four individual plates. Time for data analyses is not included in this estimation. If ATP assay measurements will occur in parallel for every infrared plate, twelve plates can be assayed in one day – six for the infrared stains and six for ATP levels.
Criteria for satisfactory data in the regression analyses (Figure 3), as mentioned in the Protocol section, include a significant correlation between plating density and signal strength (two tailed p ≤ 0.05). The size of changes in luminescence or infrared signal should also be in proportion to the changes in number of cells. Ideally, 5k cells should have approximately half the luminescence or ATP levels of 10k cells, and 15k cells should have approximately 50% greater values than 10k cells, etc. This proportionality reflects the sensitivity of the assay and is distinct from the R2 value or coefficient of determination. R2 only measures how well the regression line approximates the true data points. Even if the data are linear, the relative changes in signal strength may not be in proportion to the size of the changes in cell number. This can happen when the regression line has a high R2 but a low slope, suggesting that the assay is not very sensitive. Thus, the criteria of significant correlation and proportionality of the data should both be satisfied. Finally, changes in signal strength around the optimal plating density should fall within the dynamic range of the instrument and the assay. The dynamic range is the ratio between the largest and smallest possible values. The Odyssey imager has a 4.5 log dynamic range and saturated signal shows up as a bright white color in place of the usual red or green image in order to alert the researcher that the results are no longer quantifiable. The dynamic range during the assay itself is narrower because of issues such as maximal and minimal plating density for any given cell type. If one plates at increasing cell densities, the saturation curve for these assays will reveal the plating densities above which no further differences can be resolved, either because they are out of range of the imager or because the cells do not survive the crowding overnight. Similarly, if one plates decreasing cell densities, one can measure the minimum cell densities below which there are no further changes in signal. The dynamic range of the assay only includes the plating densities between the minimum and maximum number of cells/well that can be resolved. We have not measured the full dynamic range for these particular assays because our cells do not survive well at densities beyond those that are reported.
After optimization, we now stain N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells with anti-α-tubulin at a 1:10,000 dilution, with anti-mouse IgG at a 1:2000 dilution, and with DRAQ5 + Sapphire solutions at 1:20,000 and 1:2,000, respectively. We also use 25 μl of the ATP assay reagents in 50 μl media. The results under these conditions are illustrated in Figures 3A, B, and C and have been published before8. Signal strength in all three assays was significantly correlated with the number of cells per well. Although all three assays were highly linear, they were not equivalent in sensitivity. For example, 5k cells per well did not have exactly half the amount of infrared staining as 10k cells per well. In contrast to the infrared assays, the ATP assay was more sensitive to changes in plating density. In other words, luminescence fell by roughly half from 10k to 5k and from 5k to 2.5k cells per well. Despite these findings on the highest sensitivity of the ATP assay, it is best to perform all three assays for viability to get a broader picture of cellular health.
We now stain rat primary neuronal cultures with anti-MAP2 at a 1:2,000 dilution, with anti-mouse IgG at a 1:1,000 dilution, and with DRAQ5 + Sapphire solutions at 1:10,000 and 1:1,000, respectively, and use 25 μl of the ATP assay reagents in 50 μl media (Figures 3D, E, and F). Signal strength in the DRAQ5 + Sapphire assay was the least linear of all three assays because there was little difference between 100k and 200k cells per well in the 700 nm channel. However, signal strength at 700 nm was well in proportion to cell number below 100k cells per well and we always plate neuronal cultures at 100k cells per well anyway. Nonetheless, we have also observed that the DRAQ5 + Sapphire assay is not as sensitive to toxin treatments as the other two assays (see below). In contrast to DRAQ5 + Sapphire, signal strength was in better proportion with plating densities for both the MAP2 and ATP assays. It should be noted that a greater volume of the ATP assay reagents can improve the results at 200k cells per well. In other words, luminescent output can be raised to exactly 200% of the values at 100k cells per well because there is more reagent. However, we never plate cortical cultures at that high a plating density for experiments. We also have found that MAP2 and ATP levels are sensitive to 20% changes in neocortical neuronal plating density, ranging from 20k cells per well to 120k cells per well22. Nevertheless, other investigators should test these assays in their own lab rather than using the optimal conditions from our experiments because of inter-lab variability in tissue and cell handling.
In order to illustrate the utility of these assays following treatments with toxins, we show dose-response curves of N2a cells treated with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor (Figure 4). MG132 was applied in the presence or absence of the glutathione precursor N-acetyl cysteine. These data can also be found in our recent publication on the protective effects of N-acetyl cysteine30. Cells were assayed 48 hr following MG132 treatments. MG132 dose-dependently decreased DRAQ5 + Sapphire signal (Figures 4A, D) and α-tubulin signal (Figures 4B, E). We performed a nonlinear regression analysis to extract IC50 values in the absence or presence of N-acetyl cysteine. The equation used was Y = 100 / (1 + 10^((LogIC50-X) * HillSlope))). The IC50 value for DRAQ5 + Sapphire was 1.64 μM MG132 (LogIC50 = 0.22 ± 0.03, R2 = 0.9477, Hill slope = -1.26) and for α-tubulin levels was 1.96 μM MG132 (LogIC50 = 0.29 ± 0.04, R2 = 0.9296, Hill slope = -1.349). N-acetyl cysteine shifted the curves to the right, suggesting that more MG132 was required to kill cells in the presence of this protective compound. In the presence of N-acetyl cysteine, the IC50 value for DRAQ5 + Sapphire was 4.64 μM MG132 (LogIC50 = 0.67 ± 0.05, R2 = 0.8732, Hill slope = -1.06) and for α-tubulin was 6.35 μM MG132 (LogIC50 = 0.80 ± 0.04, R2 = 0.8802, Hill slope = -1.382). One study of N2a cells by Madeira and colleagues reported approximately 50% loss of viability at 10 μM MG132, as measured by the MTT assay31. Fioriti reported 60% loss of viability 4 hr after treatment with 50 μM MG132, again with the MTT assay32. Finally, Zhang and colleagues reported 60% loss of viability at 10 μM MG132, using counts of Hoechst-stained nuclei33. These IC50 values are higher than ours. However, we assay for viability 48 hr after initiation of treatment, unlike these previous studies.
According to the Cell Titer Glo assay, ATP levels were raised at low concentrations of MG132 (Figure 4C), demonstrating that ATP levels are not necessarily in proportion to cell titer upon treatment. The ATP data are nonetheless useful in that they illustrate that N-acetyl cysteine also protects metabolic function when N2a cells are treated with MG132. This is evidenced in the shift in the IC50 value of MG132 with N-acetyl cysteine. The IC50 value for ATP was 3.05 μM MG132 (LogIC50 = 0.48 ± 0.07, R2 = 0.8616, Hill slope = -1.0) with vehicle and 9.12 μM MG132 with N-acetyl cysteine (LogIC50 = 0.96 ± 0.04, R2 = 0.9261, Hill slope = -1.0). Note that the concentrations that led to rises in ATP were excluded in this analysis. Including all values in the analysis lowered the coefficient of determination and increased the IC50 values to 4.03 μM MG132 (LogIC50 = 0.61 ± 0.09, R2 = 0.7224, Hill Slope = -1.4) in the presence of vehicle and to 9.24 μM MG132 (LogIC50 = 0.96 ± 0.07, R2 = 0.6607, Hill Slope = -2.1) in the presence of N-acetyl cysteine (contrast with Figure 4C).
A second example of these three assays is illustrated for primary cultures in Figure 5. Tissue was microdissected from rat neocortex and allocortex, dissociated, plated at 100k cells per well, and treated in parallel with H2O2. We tested the hypothesis that these two brain regions would differ in their handling of oxidative stress as they are differentially vulnerable to neurodegenerative diseases34-39. Some of these data have been published before and the results are discussed further in that study22. The IC50 values for DRAQ5 + Sapphire were 22.84 μM H2O2 in neocortex (LogIC50 = 1.36 ± 0.07, R2 = 0.7552, Hill slope = -0.95) and 24.63 μM H2O2 in allocortex (LogIC50 = 1.39 ± 0.03, R2 = 0.9379, Hill slope = -1.74). The IC50 values for MAP2 were 11.66 μM H2O2 in neocortex (LogIC50 = 1.07 ± 0.04, R2 = 0.9332, Hill slope = -2.13) and 29.76 μM H2O2 in allocortex (LogIC50 = 1.47 ± 0.04, R2 = 0.8934, Hill slope = -4.45). The IC50 values for ATP were 23.82 μM H2O2 in neocortex (LogIC50 = 1.38 ± 0.03, R2 = 0.8907, Hill slope = -2.56) and 44.5 μM H2O2 in allocortex (LogIC50 = 1.65 ± 0.03, R2 = 0.9204, Hill slope = -2.71). Allocortex was significantly more resistant to oxidative stress than neocortex at concentrations of H2O2 below 50 μM, but the DRAQ5 + Sapphire assay was the least sensitive in illustrating this difference. This may reflect that the latter assay cannot distinguish glia from neurons, unlike MAP2. As mentioned earlier, our cultures contain some glia, as they are harvested from postnatal brain 22. Surprisingly, at high concentrations of H2O2 (75 μM and above), when all MAP2+ neurons appeared to be dead, the DRAQ5 + Sapphire assay revealed that allocortex was less resistant than neocortex. Based on our preliminary findings that GFAP+ astrocytes in these cultures are more resistant to H2O2 than MAP2+ neurons (not shown), we hypothesize that neocortical astrocytes are less vulnerable to oxidative damage than allocortical astrocytes. This pattern may be reflected in the DRAQ5 + Sapphire assay but not the ATP assay because the oxidatively damaged astrocytes are not metabolically viable. Whatever the reason for these striking patterns, these primary culture data are illustrated here only to reveal that the assays are not always in agreement.
Finally, in order to illustrate the intraplate variability with all three assays, we plotted the second and third wells’ raw data points from the abovementioned dose response curves in Figures 6A-C and 6G-I. Similarly, in order to illustrate the interplate variability, we plotted the average of raw data points (the mean of the triplicate wells) from two plates in Figures 6D-F and 6J-L. Signal strength in replicate wells and across independent experiments exhibited significant correlations for every measure. There was some variability in raw values across independent experiments in primary neuronal cultures, perhaps because we reuse old antibody and DRAQ5 + Sapphire solutions and refreeze unused ATP assay reagents a couple of times. Another reason for the higher interplate variability in primary cultures may be the quality of the culture itself. Varying postmortem intervals and tissue handling across different experimental days may contribute to variance.
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of all three viability assays (A) and timeline for infrared assays (B). Shown are the recommended procedures for N2a cells. If DRAQ5 + Sapphire solutions are not going to be reused on other plates that are stained with different secondary antibodies, they can be combined with the anti-mouse secondary antibody solution for a final 1 hr incubation, reducing the procedure by one step. Click here to view larger image.
Figure 2. Plate format of the ATP assay (A) and the infrared assays (B) that are described in the Procedures section. Although a 96-well plate is illustrated, these assays can be adapted to other formats, such as 384 well plates, to save on reagents and cells. Click here to view larger image.
Figure 3. Linear regressions for all three viability assays in N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells (A, B, C) or primary postnatal rat neocortical neurons (D, E, F). Signal strength for each assay is plotted as a function of plating density. Insets show representative infrared images of the DRAQ5 + Sapphire (A, D), α-tubulin (B), or MAP2 (E) stain. Raw intensity values are listed below each image. Note that raw values in an individual well may be different from the average of 3 wells for that experiment and from the average of 3-4 independent experiments. The original infrared images were pseudocolored red (700 nm) or green (800 nm). Each experiment was performed in triplicate wells and repeated 3x for DRAQ5 + Sapphire in both N2a cells and primary neurons, 3x for α-tubulin, 4x for MAP2, 3x for ATP in N2a cells, and 4x for ATP in neurons. The data from the triplicate wells were averaged for one final value for each of 3-4 experiments. The mean and SEM of these 3-4 final values is shown in the graph. Note that the DRAQ5 + Sapphire values exhibit low standard deviations so that SEM bars are not visible. The R2 coefficient of determination and two tailed p value assessing the significance of the correlation are also illustrated for each measure. Data were analyzed in GraphPad Prism (Version 5.0). Reprinted from Neurochemistry International, 61, by Unnithan et al: "Rescue from a two hit high-throughput model of neurodegeneration with N-acetyl cysteine ," p 356-368, with permission from Elsevier. Click here to view larger image.
Figure 4. Protection of N2a cells against MG132 toxicity. N2a cells were treated with indicated concentrations of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 in the presence or absence of the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC; 3 mM). All three viability assays were performed 48 hr later. Note the rise in ATP levels at low concentrations of MG132 (C). No parallel increase in DRAQ5 + Sapphire staining (A) or α-tubulin (B) was apparent. Representative infrared images of the DRAQ5 + Sapphire and α-tubulin stains were pseudocolored red and green in D and E, respectively. Each experiment was performed in triplicate wells and repeated 4x for DRAQ5 + Sapphire, 4x for α-tubulin, and 3x for ATP. The data from the triplicate wells were averaged for one final value for each of 3-4 experiments. The mean and SEM of these 3-4 final values is shown. * p ≤ 0.05 for comparison of N-acetyl cysteine versus water, Bonferroni correction following two-way ANOVA. Data were analyzed in GraphPad Prism (Version 5.0). Reprinted from Neuroscience, 255, by Jiang et al: "N-acetyl cysteine blunts proteotoxicity in a heat shock protein-dependent manner," p 19-32, with permission from Elsevier. Click here to view larger image.
Figure 5. Differential vulnerability of neocortical and allocortical cultures to hydrogen peroxide toxicity. Microdissections of postnatal primary motor and sensory neocortex and of entorhinal and piriform allocortex were dissociated and plated at 100k cells per well. On day in vitro 2, cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of H2O2. Plates were assayed 48 hr later. Note that allocortex survives these culturing conditions better than neocortex and has higher cell numbers at baseline. Each experiment was performed in triplicate wells and repeated 4x for DRAQ5 + Sapphire, 3x for MAP2, and 6x for ATP. The data from the triplicate wells were averaged for one final value for each of 3-6 experiments. The mean and SEM of these 3-6 final values is shown. * p ≤ 0.05 for comparison of neo- versus allocortex, Bonferroni correction following two-way ANOVA. Data were analyzed in GraphPad Prism (Version 5.0). Click here to view larger image.
Figure 6. Intraplate and interplate correlations for MG132 and H2O2 dose response curves in N2a cells and cortical neurons. All individual experiments were run in triplicate wells. Raw data from the second two wells within each group were plotted as replicates 1 and 2 to measure reproducibility within the plates (A, B and C for N2a cells and G, H, and I for cortex). Data from the same groups in two independent experiments (the mean of the triplicate wells) were plotted as plate 1 and plate 2 to measure reproducibility across plates (D, E, and F for N2a cells and J, K, L for cortex). The R2 coefficient of determination and two tailed p value assessing the significance of the correlation are also illustrated for each measure. Data were analyzed in GraphPad Prism (Version 5.0). Click here to view larger image.
Cell Titer Glo | Promega | G7572 | Buy in 100 ml quantities and aliquot, instead of purchasing the more expensive 10 ml quantity. Reconstituted, unused reagents can be refrozen at -20 °C for at least 21 weeks |
18% Formalin | Thermo-Shandon | 9990244 | Buying this fixative avoids the weighing out of formaldehyde powders and boiling of the solution; exposure to vapors is thereby minimized |
Sucrose | Sigma-Aldrich | S0389 | It is not essential to add this to formaldehyde solutions but it improves the appearance of the fixed cells |
Odyssey Block | LI-COR | 927-40003 | This fish serum can be bought in bulk and frozen at -20 °C for long term use |
Triton-X 100 | Sigma-Aldrich | 21568 | We store a stock solution of 10% Triton-X 100 in sterile water at 4 °C |
Sodium Phosphate Monobasic | Fisher | S468 | One can also buy PBS tablets or 10x PBS solutions, but they are more expensive |
Sodium Phosphate Dibasic | Fisher | S373 | See above |
Sodium Azide (250x) | Ricca Chemical Company | 7144.8-16 | Do not buy the powder because sodium azide is very toxic. We store all our used antibodies in 1x sodium azide at 4 °C until they become contaminated with debris |
Mouse anti-α-tubulin | Sigma-Aldrich | T5168 | This antibody is expensive but can be greatly diluted and is highly specific |
Mouse anti-MAP2 | Sigma-Aldrich | M9942 | This antibody is expensive but is highly specific (a prerequisite for In-Cell Westerns) |
800 nm Goat anti-mouse IgG | LI-COR | 926-32210 | Other companies also sell infrared secondary antibodies. Be sure to purchase the highly cross-adsorbed antibodies and note that concentrations of IgGs may vary with the source |
DRAQ5 | Biostatus | DR50200 | This compound used to be sold by LI-COR at 1 mM |
Sapphire | LI-COR | 928-40022 | |
Luminometer | PerkinElmer | VICTOR3 1420 multilabel counter | |
Odyssey Imager | LI-COR | 9201-01 | |
Shaker/Mixer | Research Products International | 248555 |
Manual cell counts on a microscope are a sensitive means of assessing cellular viability but are time-consuming and therefore expensive. Computerized viability assays are expensive in terms of equipment but can be faster and more objective than manual cell counts. The present report describes the use of three such viability assays. Two of these assays are infrared and one is luminescent. Both infrared assays rely on a 16 bit Odyssey Imager. One infrared assay uses the DRAQ5 stain for nuclei combined with the Sapphire stain for cytosol and is visualized in the 700 nm channel. The other infrared assay, an In-Cell Western, uses antibodies against cytoskeletal proteins (α-tubulin or microtubule associated protein 2) and labels them in the 800 nm channel. The third viability assay is a commonly used luminescent assay for ATP, but we use a quarter of the recommended volume to save on cost. These measurements are all linear and correlate with the number of cells plated, but vary in sensitivity. All three assays circumvent time-consuming microscopy and sample the entire well, thereby reducing sampling error. Finally, all of the assays can easily be completed within one day of the end of the experiment, allowing greater numbers of experiments to be performed within short timeframes. However, they all rely on the assumption that cell numbers remain in proportion to signal strength after treatments, an assumption that is sometimes not met, especially for cellular ATP. Furthermore, if cells increase or decrease in size after treatment, this might affect signal strength without affecting cell number. We conclude that all viability assays, including manual counts, suffer from a number of caveats, but that computerized viability assays are well worth the initial investment. Using all three assays together yields a comprehensive view of cellular structure and function.
Manual cell counts on a microscope are a sensitive means of assessing cellular viability but are time-consuming and therefore expensive. Computerized viability assays are expensive in terms of equipment but can be faster and more objective than manual cell counts. The present report describes the use of three such viability assays. Two of these assays are infrared and one is luminescent. Both infrared assays rely on a 16 bit Odyssey Imager. One infrared assay uses the DRAQ5 stain for nuclei combined with the Sapphire stain for cytosol and is visualized in the 700 nm channel. The other infrared assay, an In-Cell Western, uses antibodies against cytoskeletal proteins (α-tubulin or microtubule associated protein 2) and labels them in the 800 nm channel. The third viability assay is a commonly used luminescent assay for ATP, but we use a quarter of the recommended volume to save on cost. These measurements are all linear and correlate with the number of cells plated, but vary in sensitivity. All three assays circumvent time-consuming microscopy and sample the entire well, thereby reducing sampling error. Finally, all of the assays can easily be completed within one day of the end of the experiment, allowing greater numbers of experiments to be performed within short timeframes. However, they all rely on the assumption that cell numbers remain in proportion to signal strength after treatments, an assumption that is sometimes not met, especially for cellular ATP. Furthermore, if cells increase or decrease in size after treatment, this might affect signal strength without affecting cell number. We conclude that all viability assays, including manual counts, suffer from a number of caveats, but that computerized viability assays are well worth the initial investment. Using all three assays together yields a comprehensive view of cellular structure and function.
Manual cell counts on a microscope are a sensitive means of assessing cellular viability but are time-consuming and therefore expensive. Computerized viability assays are expensive in terms of equipment but can be faster and more objective than manual cell counts. The present report describes the use of three such viability assays. Two of these assays are infrared and one is luminescent. Both infrared assays rely on a 16 bit Odyssey Imager. One infrared assay uses the DRAQ5 stain for nuclei combined with the Sapphire stain for cytosol and is visualized in the 700 nm channel. The other infrared assay, an In-Cell Western, uses antibodies against cytoskeletal proteins (α-tubulin or microtubule associated protein 2) and labels them in the 800 nm channel. The third viability assay is a commonly used luminescent assay for ATP, but we use a quarter of the recommended volume to save on cost. These measurements are all linear and correlate with the number of cells plated, but vary in sensitivity. All three assays circumvent time-consuming microscopy and sample the entire well, thereby reducing sampling error. Finally, all of the assays can easily be completed within one day of the end of the experiment, allowing greater numbers of experiments to be performed within short timeframes. However, they all rely on the assumption that cell numbers remain in proportion to signal strength after treatments, an assumption that is sometimes not met, especially for cellular ATP. Furthermore, if cells increase or decrease in size after treatment, this might affect signal strength without affecting cell number. We conclude that all viability assays, including manual counts, suffer from a number of caveats, but that computerized viability assays are well worth the initial investment. Using all three assays together yields a comprehensive view of cellular structure and function.