Мы опишем здесь метод biopsying обонятельной выстилки из крысы и человека полости носа. Эти биопсии могут быть использованы как для идентификации молекулярных аномалий заболеваний мозга или изоляции мультипотентных взрослых стволовых клеток, которые могут быть использованы для трансплантации клеток на животных моделях травмы мозга / болезнь.
The olfactory mucosa, located in the nasal cavity, is in charge of detecting odours. It is also the only nervous tissue that is exposed to the external environment and easily accessible in every living individual. As a result, this tissue is unique for anyone aiming to identify molecular anomalies in the pathological brain or isolate adult stem cells for cell therapy.
Molecular abnormalities in brain diseases are often studied using nervous tissue samples collected post-mortem. However, this material has numerous limitations. In contrast, the olfactory mucosa is readily accessible and can be biopsied safely without any loss of sense of smell1. Accordingly, the olfactory mucosa provides an “open window” in the adult human through which one can study developmental (e.g. autism, schizophrenia)2-4 or neurodegenerative (e.g. Parkinson, Alzheimer) diseases4,5. Olfactory mucosa can be used for either comparative molecular studies4,6 or in vitro experiments on neurogenesis3,7.
The olfactory epithelium is also a nervous tissue that produces new neurons every day to replace those that are damaged by pollution, bacterial of viral infections. This permanent neurogenesis is sustained by progenitors but also stem cells residing within both compartments of the mucosa, namely the neuroepithelium and the underlying lamina propria8-10. We recently developed a method to purify the adult stem cells located in the lamina propria and, after having demonstrated that they are closely related to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC), we named them olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSC)11.
Interestingly, when compared to BM-MSCs, OE-MSCs display a high proliferation rate, an elevated clonogenicity and an inclination to differentiate into neural cells. We took advantage of these characteristics to perform studies dedicated to unveil new candidate genes in schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease4. We and others have also shown that OE-MSCs are promising candidates for cell therapy, after a spinal cord trauma12,13, a cochlear damage14 or in an animal models of Parkinson’s disease15 or amnesia16.
In this study, we present methods to biopsy olfactory mucosa in rats and humans. After collection, the lamina propria is enzymatically separated from the epithelium and stem cells are purified using an enzymatic or a non-enzymatic method. Purified olfactory stem cells can then be either grown in large numbers and banked in liquid nitrogen or induced to form spheres or differentiated into neural cells. These stem cells can also be used for comparative omics (genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, proteomic) studies.
Методы, представленные здесь делают грызунов и человека обонятельной выстилки полезную модель для клинических исследований причин развития нервной системы и нейродегенеративных заболеваний, а также инструмент для ремонта патологических или травмирован мозг. Протокол относительно проста и может быть легко осуществляется опытный биолог клетки. Успеха для биопсии и культуры методов является высокой.
Критические шаги
Возможные изменения
Будущие приложения
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке ANR (Агентство Национальной де-ла-Recherche), АСМ (Association Française контр ле миопатия), Федер в PACA и IRME (Институт по исследованиям ла Moelle épinière и др. l'Encéphale). Мы с благодарностью поблагодарить Мари Пьер Бланшар (Jean Рош Институт) за эффективную помощь во время записи недействительной.
Name of the reagent | Company | Catalogue number |
Collection of olfactory mucosa in rats | ||
DMEM/HAM F12 | Invitrogen | 31331-028 |
Sodium Pentobarbital | ||
Rongeur | FST | |
26 gauge needle | Terumo | NN-2613R |
Forceps | ||
Collection of olfactory mucosa in humans | ||
Rigid endoscope | Karl Storz or Richard Wolf Medical | |
Lidocaine | ||
Epinephrine | ||
Throughcut ethmoid forceps | Karl Storz or Richard Wolf Medical | |
Isolation of olfactory stem cells | ||
Dispase II | Roche | 10 295 825 001 |
Dissecting microscope | ||
Micro spatula | FST | |
Collagenase IA | Sigma-Aldrich | C9891 |
Ca-free/Mg-free PBS | Invitrogen | 14190-250 |
Fetal calf serum | Invitrogen | 10270098 |
Glass coverslip | Knittel Glaser | 001/35 |
Sphere formation and neuronal differentiation | ||
Poly-L-lysine | Sigma-Aldrich | P-1274 |
Insulin transferrin selenium (ITS) | Invitrogen | 51500056 |
EGF | R&D Systems | 236-EG |
FGF2 | R&D Systems | 233-FB |
Neurobasal medium | Invitrogen | 21103-049 |
B-27 Serum-Free Supplement | Invitrogen | 17504-044 |
Penicillin/streptomycin | Invitrogen | 15140122 |
Glutamine | Invitrogen | 25030024 |
Glutamate | Sigma-Aldrich |