Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

By replacing an α-hydrogen with a halogen, acid-catalyzed α-halogenation of aldehydes or ketones yields a monohalogenated product

In the first step of the mechanism, the acid protonates the carbonyl oxygen resulting in a resonance-stabilized cation, which subsequently loses an α-hydrogen to form an enol tautomer. The C=C bond in an enol is highly nucleophilic because of the electron-donating nature of the –OH group. Consequently, the double bond attacks an electrophilic halogen to form a monohalogenated carbocation. In the final step, deprotonation of the carbocation yields the α-halo aldehydes or ketones.

Note that the enol formation is the rate-determining step of the reaction, and the halogen is not involved in the rate-limiting step. Therefore, the initial rates of the α-halogenation are independent of the type and concentration of halogen. Overall, the reaction follows second-order kinetics, wherein the rates depend on the concentration of the carbonyl and the acid.

The addition of a second halogen is unfavorable as the carbocation intermediate formed by the reaction of a monohalogenated enol with halogens is highly destabilized by the electron-withdrawing polar effect of two halogen atoms. Interestingly, the acid formed as a by-product of this reaction can ultimately catalyze the first step of enolization, thus turning the reaction autocatalytic. The unsymmetrical ketones undergo α-halogenation at the more substituted carbon by the preferential formation of a thermodynamic enol. As shown below, the acid-catalyzed α-halogenation reaction also works well to convert ketones to α,β‒unsaturated ketones via E2 elimination reactions forming a new π bond.